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West South Central states

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The West South Central states, colloquially known as the South Central states, is a region of the United States defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as covering four states: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. The West South Central or South Central region is located within the Southern United States and Gulf Coast regions,[3] bordering the Mountain states and Midwestern U.S. regions to its north and west. The Gulf of Mexico is to the south of the region. Houston is the South Central's largest city, and the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area is the region's largest metropolis.

West South Central
States in dark red are traditionally included in the West South Central states, while states in pink may be broadly included, although they form part of the Mountain states and East South Central states regions
States in dark red are traditionally included in the West South Central states, while states in pink may be broadly included, although they form part of the Mountain states and East South Central states regions
States
Largest metropolitan areas
Largest cityHouston
Area
[1]
 • Total444,052.01 sq mi (1,150,089.4 km2)
 • Land425,066.01 sq mi (1,100,915.9 km2)
 • Water18,986.00 sq mi (49,173.5 km2)
Population
 (2019)[2]
 • Total40,619,450
 • Density91/sq mi (35/km2)

A geographically diverse region, the southern portion of the states are covered by coastal plains and swamps,[4][5][6][7] while the remainder is covered by forests such as the Cross Timbers,[8][9][10] hills and mountains,[11][12][13] and deserts near the Texas–Mexico border.

With European colonization of the Americas, this region of the U.S. has been heavily influenced by the French and Spanish.[14][15][16][17] With American settlement, Anglo-American culture began to influence the states covering the region. Distinct from New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, and in common with the Western U.S. and South Atlantic states, the majority of its non-Anglo culture descends from the Spanish Empire and Mexico;[14][18] within Louisiana, there is a significant French influence preserved through its Cajun and Louisiana Creole populations.[19][20][21] In Oklahoma, Native American culture is prevalent through tribes such as the Cherokee and Seminole nations among others.[22]

Within the region, Christianity is the prevalent religion as part of the Bible Belt; southern and southeastern Texas;[23] and southern Louisiana are predominantly Roman Catholic and non- or inter-denominational Protestant, with Baptists constituting a great majority.[24] From central and northern Texas, and central and northern Louisiana to the states of Oklahoma and Arkansas, Baptists, Methodists, and non- or inter-denominational Protestants constituted the majority.[24]

History

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The history of the West South Central states is dominated by the conflict and interaction between three cultural-linguistic groups: the Anglosphere (first Great Britain and then the United States), the Hispanidad (first Spain then Mexico), and the Francophonie (France).

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Spain and France maneuvered for control of Texas,[25] with the Spanish based in Mexico and the French in Louisiana. During the War of the Quadruple Alliance hostilities spread to the New World and the French troops from Natchitoches briefly captured the capital of Spanish Texas, Los Adaes, in what is now western Louisiana. The French were not able to wrest control of Texas from Spain, and by the early 19th century sold their North American holdings to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase,[26][27] which comprised slightly less than half of what is today the West South Central United States.

During the Texas Revolution (1835–1836), a rebellion of United States immigrants and Tejanos (Texas Mexicans), put up armed resistance against the Centralist Republic of Mexico.[28] The Battle of the Alamo was a major turning point during the Texas Revolution.[29] This battle would lead to many Texians deciding to join the Texian Army. Texians would defeat the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto later on,[30][31] leading to Texas declaring themselves an independent country in 1836, however Mexico viewed them as a rebellious province. Texas would eventually be admitted as a U.S. state in 1845.[32]

The official West and East South Central states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee would secede from the Union and join the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Kentucky was a border state that remained with the Union. Oklahoma, although Indian Territory at the time, was home to five major Native American tribes (the Five Civilized Tribes), of which the majority allied themselves with the Confederacy.[33][34] Oklahoma territory and Indian Territory would merge into the state of Oklahoma when it became the 46th U.S. state in 1907.[35] All of these states are usually considered to make up a larger part of the American South, both historically and culturally, as well as classified by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Geography

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The climate varies from the semi-tropical in the Mississippi Delta, south Louisiana, and southeast Texas, to the dry Chihuahuan desert in West Texas.[7][6][13] A large portion of the northeastern quarter of the region is mountainous, with the Ozark and Ouachita mountains of Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. The northwest quarter of the region is dominated by the Great Plains which become progressively drier west of 100° W, forming the North American Llano Estacado. The southwestern portions border the Rio Grande and are generally drier than other areas of the West South Central United States.

Two megaregions exist within this region:

States in the West South Central region
State Population (2020 census) Land area (sq mi)
Arkansas 3,011,524 53,179
Louisiana 4,657,757 51,843
Oklahoma 3,986,639 69,898
Texas 29,527,941 268,581

Demographics

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Ethnic origins in West South Central (4 states)

Texas is the largest West South Central state by both area and population; Texas is still home to over half the region's population. The largest city in the region, Houston, is located in Texas. New Orleans was tied with Oklahoma City in population but, after Hurricane Katrina, the population of the New Orleans metro area declined to approximately 1 million.[36] By 2017, the population of the New Orleans metropolitan area had bounced back to almost 1.3 million;[37] overall, Louisiana and Arkansas are the two-slowest growing states of the region in contrast with Texas and Oklahoma.[38][39] In contrast with the population growth of Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, Louisiana has experienced the fifth highest population loss in the U.S. according to 2021 census estimates (making it the second-slowest growing state along the entire Gulf Coast megaregion, yet still experiencing more natural births than Mississippi in the East South Central states).[40]

Ten largest cities by population
City 2020 pop.
1 Houston, Texas 2,288,250
2 San Antonio, Texas 1,451,853
3 Dallas, Texas 1,288,457
4 Austin, Texas 964,177
5 Fort Worth, Texas 935,508
6 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 687,725
7 El Paso, Texas 678,415
8 Tulsa, Oklahoma 411,401
9 Arlington, Texas 392,786
10 New Orleans, Louisiana 376,971
Ten largest metropolitan areas by population
MSA 2021 pop.
1 Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, TX MSA 7,759,615
2 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA 7,206,845
3 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA 2,601,795
4 Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX MSA 2,352,435
5 Oklahoma City, OK MSA 1,441,655
6 New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA 1,261,735
7 Tulsa, OK MSA 1,142,906
8 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX MSA 868,707
9 Baton Rouge, LA MSA 854,757
10 El Paso, TX MSA 844,124

Politics

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Parties
Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Dixiecrat American Independent
  • Bold denotes election winner.
Presidential electoral votes in the West South Central States since 1812
Year Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas
1812 No election Madison No election No election
1816 No election Monroe No election No election
1820 No election Monroe No election No election
1824 No election Jackson No election No election
1828 No election Jackson No election No election
1832 No election Jackson No election No election
1836 Van Buren Van Buren No election No election
1840 Van Buren Harrison No election No election
1844 Polk Polk No election No election
1848 Cass Taylor No election Cass
1852 Pierce Pierce No election Pierce
1856 Buchanan Buchanan No election Buchanan
1860 Breckinridge Breckinridge No election Breckinridge
1864 No election Lincoln No election No election
1868 Grant Seymour No election No election
1872 Grant Grant No election Hendricks
1876 Tilden Hayes No election Tilden
1880 Hancock Hancock No election Hancock
1884 Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland
1888 Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland
1892 Cleveland Cleveland No election Cleveland
1896 Bryan Bryan No election Bryan
1900 Bryan Bryan No election Bryan
1904 Parker Parker No election Parker
1908 Bryan Bryan Bryan Bryan
1912 Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson
1916 Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson
1920 Cox Cox Harding Cox
1924 Davis Davis Davis Davis
1928 Smith Smith Hoover Hoover
1932 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt
1936 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt
1940 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt
1944 Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt Roosevelt
1948 Truman Thurmond Truman Truman
1952 Stevenson Stevenson Eisenhower Eisenhower
1956 Stevenson Eisenhower Eisenhower Eisenhower
1960 Kennedy Kennedy Nixon Kennedy
1964 Johnson Goldwater Johnson Johnson
1968 Wallace Wallace Nixon Humphrey
1972 Nixon Nixon Nixon Nixon
1976 Carter Carter Ford Carter
1980 Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan
1984 Reagan Reagan Reagan Reagan
1988 Bush Bush Bush Bush
1992 Clinton Clinton Bush Bush
1996 Clinton Clinton Dole Dole
2000 Bush Bush Bush Bush
2004 Bush Bush Bush Bush
2008 McCain McCain McCain McCain
2012 Romney Romney Romney Romney
2016 Trump Trump Trump Trump
2020 Trump Trump Trump Trump
Year Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas

Sports

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Within the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, the first team in the region were founded in 1960: the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League and the Houston Oilers of the American Football League. The Oilers relocated after 1996, whereas two more teams in the region joined the NFL: the Houston Texans (2002) and New Orleans Saints (1967).[41]

Two Major League Baseball teams are based in the region: Houston Astros (1962) and Texas Rangers (1972).[42] The region has five NBA teams: San Antonio Spurs (1967), Houston Rockets (1971), Dallas Mavericks (1980), New Orleans Pelicans (2002) and Oklahoma City Thunder (2008).[43] National Hockey League features the Dallas Stars since 1993.[44]

Texas also has three Major League Soccer teams: FC Dallas (1996), Houston Dynamo (2006), and Austin FC (2021), whereas the Dallas Tornado played in the North American Soccer League from 1968 to 1981.[45]

Collegiate athletics have deep significance in the region's culture, especially football. The Southwest Conference was based in the region from 1914 to 1996. Currently the Big 12 Conference has four teams from Texas and one from Oklahoma, whereas the Southeastern Conference has two teams from Texas, one from Oklahoma, one from Arkansas, and one from Louisiana.

According to a survey of Division I-A coaches, the Red River Shootout, the rivalry between the Oklahoma Sooners and Texas Longhorns, ranks the third best in the nation.[46] The Bedlam Series is the rivalry between the Oklahoma Sooners and Oklahoma State Cowboys. The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the Battle for the Iron Skillet.

Major professional teams
Team Sport League Venue
 

Austin FC

Soccer MLS Q2 Stadium
 

Dallas Cowboys

Football NFL AT&T Stadium
 

Dallas Mavericks

Basketball NBA American Airlines Center
 

Dallas Stars

Hockey NHL American Airlines Center
 

FC Dallas

Soccer MLS Toyota Stadium
 

Houston Astros

Baseball MLB Minute Maid Park
 

Houston Dynamo

Soccer MLS BBVA Stadium
 

Houston Rockets

Basketball NBA Toyota Center
 

Houston Texans

Football NFL NRG Stadium
 

New Orleans Pelicans

Basketball NBA Smoothie King Center
 

New Orleans Saints

Football NFL Mercedes-Benz Superdome
 

Oklahoma City Thunder

Basketball NBA Paycom Center
 

San Antonio Spurs

Basketball NBA AT&T Center
 

Texas Rangers

Baseball MLB Globe Life Field

[47][48][49]


References

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  1. ^ "United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. September 2012. pp. V–2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18). Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  2. ^ "Population, Population Change, and Estimated Components of Population Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (NST-EST2019-alldata)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  3. ^ [1] Archived copy at the Library of Congress (January 7, 2013).
  4. ^ "TSHA | Buffalo Bayou". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  5. ^ "Riverine Forested Wetlands | Texas Coastal Wetlands". texaswetlands.org. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  6. ^ a b "TSHA | East Texas". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Louisiana Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  8. ^ "TPWD:Cross Timbers". tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  9. ^ "TSHA | Cross Timbers". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  10. ^ "Cross Timbers | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  11. ^ "Ouachita Mountains | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  12. ^ "Big Bend National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  13. ^ a b "Chihuahuan Desert Ecoregion (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  14. ^ a b "TSHA | Spanish Texas". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  15. ^ "Spanish Colonial Louisiana". 64 Parishes. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  16. ^ Mitchell, Kimberly (February 23, 2022). "French History of Arkansas". Only In Arkansas. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  17. ^ "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  18. ^ "TSHA | Mexican Texas". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  19. ^ "French Colonial Louisiana". 64 Parishes. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  20. ^ "Cajuns". 64 Parishes. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  21. ^ "Creoles". 64 Parishes. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  22. ^ "American Indians | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  23. ^ "Religious Affiliation in Texas | TX Almanac". www.texasalmanac.com. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  24. ^ a b "Maps and data files for 2020 | U.S. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics". www.usreligioncensus.org. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  25. ^ "2. Imperial Rivalry II: Spanish-French in Texas, Power, American Beginnings: 1492-1690, Primary Resources in U.S. History and Literature, Toolbox Library, National Humanities Center". nationalhumanitiescenter.org. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  26. ^ "Louisiana Purchase". HISTORY. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  27. ^ "How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  28. ^ "TSHA | Texas Revolution". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  29. ^ "Remembering the Alamo". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  30. ^ "Battle of San Jacinto". HISTORY. May 6, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  31. ^ "San Jacinto Battlefield---American Latino Heritage: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  32. ^ "Milestones: 1830–1860 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  33. ^ Pahre, Robert (September 13, 2018). "How the Cherokee Fought the Civil War". ICT News. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  34. ^ "Civil War Era | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture". Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  35. ^ "Oklahoma Statehood, November 16, 1907". National Archives. August 15, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  36. ^ Kim Ann Zimmermann (August 27, 2015). "Hurricane Katrina: Facts, Damage & Aftermath". livescience.com. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  37. ^ "New Orleans metro area population 2021". Statista. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  38. ^ "Texas Added Almost 4 Million People in Last Decade". Census.gov. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  39. ^ "Oklahoma Population Up 5.5% Last Decade". Census.gov. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  40. ^ "Louisiana saw fifth highest population loss in U.S. in 2021, according to new estimates". NOLA.com. December 22, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  41. ^ "NFL.com | Official Site of the National Football League". NFL.com. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  42. ^ "MLB Teams". ESPN. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  43. ^ "NBA Teams & Rosters | NBA.com". www.nba.com. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  44. ^ "Teams". NHL.com. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  45. ^ "Clubs | MLSsoccer.com". mlssoccer. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  46. ^ Davis, Brian (October 7, 2005). "UT-OU : Best Rivalry?". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
  47. ^ "Texas Sports Teams". www.texasoutside.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  48. ^ "Louisiana Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  49. ^ "Oklahoma City Sports | Professional & Collegiate Sports". www.visitokc.com. Retrieved March 16, 2020.

33°N 94°W / 33°N 94°W / 33; -94

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