The West Virginia spring salamander (Gyrinophilus subterraneus) is a species of troglobitic salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to West Virginia, the United States.[1][3]
| West Virginia spring salamander | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Plethodontidae |
| Genus: | Gyrinophilus |
| Species: | G. subterraneus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse & Holsinger, 1977[2]
| |
The salamander is only found in the General Davis Cave in Greenbrier County and lives in cave stream passages with large amounts of decaying organic matter. It is considered critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)[1] and is under review for listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.[4]
General Davis Cave forms part of the 4.4-square-mile (11 km2) Davis Hollow drainage basin, itself part of the Greenbrier River watershed.[5]: 21–22, 33 A conservation easement for this cave has been purchased by The Nature Conservancy[6] and it is closed to the public in order to protect this salamander and a small bat colony.[citation needed]
Like the western grotto salamander (Eurycea spelaea), the West Virginia spring salamander can undergo complete metamorphosis, which is very rare among cave salamanders. It is not known how often metamorphosis occurs, but when it does, it happens after the larvae have reached a very large size.[7]
The IUCN estimates that fewer than 250 individuals of this species remain as of 2021.[1] Possible future threats to the West Virginia spring salamander include development of the groundwater recharge area, interaction with spring salamanders (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) and the potential for introduction of salamander chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans) from Europe to the Americas.[1]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2023). "Gyrinophilus subterraneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T59283A118992651. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T59283A118992651.en. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ Besharse, J. C.; Holsinger, J. R. (1977). "Gyrinophilus subterraneus, a new troglobitic salamander from southern West Virginia". Copeia. 1977 (4): 624–634. doi:10.2307/1443160. JSTOR 1443160.
- ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Gyrinophilus subterraneus Besharse and Holsinger, 1977". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ "West Virginia spring salamander (Gyrinophilus subterraneus)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
- ^ Jones, William K. (2018). "Chapter 3: Hydrology of the Greenbrier Karst". In White, William B. (ed.). Caves and Karst of the Greenbrier Valley in West Virginia. Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–44. ISBN 978-3-319-65800-1.
- ^ Bartgis, Rodney (17 March 2023). "Nature Conservancy". e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ Recknagel, Hans; Trontelj, Peter (2022). "From Cave Dragons to Genomics: Advancements in the Study of Subterranean Tetrapods". BioScience. 72 (3): 254–266. doi:10.1093/biosci/biab117.
Further reading
edit- Salamanders of West Virginia by Thomas Pauley
- Culver, David. C, Kane, Thomas C, Fong, Daniel. 1995. Harvard University Press. "Adaptation and Natural Selection in Caves," the Evolution of Gammarus minus" ISBN 0-674-00425-6
- Jones, William K. Karst Waters Institute. 1997. "Karst Hydrology Atlas of West Virginia" ISBN 0-9640258-3-3
External links
edit- The Greenbrier River Watershed Association — for more information about the karstic biota of the region.
- The Nature Conservancy in West Virginia
- West Virginia Cave Conservancy A 501(c)3 Nonprofit dedicated to acquiring caves and the conservation and protection of caves within West Virginia.
- National Speleological Society — promoting interest in and to advance in any and all ways the study and science of speleology, the protection of caves and their natural contents, and to promote fellowship among those interested therein.
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