The M4 Motorway is a 55-kilometre (34 mi)[1] series of partially tolled dual carriageway motorways in Sydney designated as route M4. The M4 designation is part of the wider A4 and M4 route designation, the M4 runs parallel and/or below ground to Great Western Highway, Parramatta Road and City West Link, which are part of route A44.
M4 Motorway | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Aerial view looking west in December 2010 | |
  West end East end | |
| Coordinates | |
| General information | |
| Type | Motorway |
| Length | 54.8 km (34 mi)[1] |
| Opened | 1971–1993 (Glenbrook–Strathfield) 2019–2023 (Strathfield–Rozelle) |
| Gazetted | February 1977[2] |
| Route number(s) |  M4 (2013–present) |
| Former route number |
|
| Major junctions | |
| West end |  Great Western HighwayGlenbrook, Sydney |
| East end |  Western DistributorRozelle, Sydney |
| Location(s) | |
| Major suburbs | Penrith, Prospect, Parramatta, Granville, Clyde, Auburn, Homebush, Concord |
| Highway system | |
The M4 Motorway comprises two connected parts:
- Western Motorway is the original section, completed between 1971 and 1993 between Glenbrook and Concord, before continuing west as Great Western Highway through the Blue Mountains towards Bathurst. In 2017, the section between Church Street in Parramatta to Concord was widened and tolled as part of WestConnex.[3][4][5][6]
- East Motorway,[7] an eastern tunnel extension of the M4 from Homebush to Rozelle was completed between 2019 and 2023 as part of WestConnex.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] This extension had been proposed since the 1990s. Its eastern end is the Rozelle Interchange with connections with the M8 Motorway, Victoria Road and the Anzac Bridge.
Route
editWestern Motorway commences at the transition point from Great Western Highway in Glenbrook and heads in a westerly direction as a four-lane, dual-carriageway road, crossing the Nepean River and widening to six lanes at the interchange with Mulgoa Road in Regentville, then widening again to eight lanes at the interchange with Roper and Erskine Park Roads in Erskine Park. The motorway passes under Wallgrove Road and Westlink M7 at the four-level Light Horse Interchange, continuing east through Prospect and Merrylands. At the interchange with Church Street and Woodville Road in Parramatta, tolling begins and the motorway splits into three carriageways (one four lanes eastbound, two dual-lane westbound), before merging back into two carriageways just west of the Duck River in Clyde. East of the interchange with Homebush Bay and Centenary Drives, the original four-lane alignment of Western Motorway branches off to run along the surface to its old terminus with Great Western Highway outside Concord, and the newer six-lane M4 East alignment enters tunnels and continues eastwards underground. The motorway eventually terminates just east of the Rozelle Interchange, returning to the surface at Rozelle to connect to the Western Distributor.
The M4 cycleway runs parallel to the M4 Motorway between Sydney Olympic Park and South Wentworthville.
History
editAlignment
edit
The first main road west from Sydney was Great Western Highway, shown above in orange. The County of Cumberland planning scheme provided for a modified route west, much of which was later built as M4 Western Motorway. With the opening of the M4 East Tunnel and Rozelle Interchange in 2019 and 2023 respectively, the M4 today extends as far east as the Anzac Bridge.
Western Freeway
edit
The Western Freeway was originally constructed in several stages between the late 1960s and the mid-1980s: the first 5km-long section between Emu Plains and Regentville (including a new single carriageway bridge over the Nepean River, duplicated in 1986) opened in October 1971; the second 14.5 km-long section between Regentville and Eastern Creek opened in December 1972; the third 4 km-long section between Eastern Creek and Prospect opened in April 1974.[15] On the basis of a pre-election promise made by the NSW Premier Neville Wran in 1976, all land reserved for the expressway between Pyrmont and the (then) eastern termination point at Strathfield was sold off to property developers or declassified as a freeway corridor in 1977 by the State Government.[16][17] Separate sections of Western Freeway, from Great Western Highway in Mays Hill to Church Street and Woodville Road in Parramatta, and from Auburn to Great Western Highway at Strathfield, were opened on 16 December 1982 by Premier Wran.[15][18] In September 1984, a 2.1 km section of freeway opened to traffic, extending the freeway west from Auburn to James Ruse Drive in Granville. The 1.8 km Granville Viaduct project opened to traffic in April 1986, the elevated section finally connecting the Granville end to the next section at Parramatta and allowing both Granville and Parramatta to be properly bypassed. As part of this project, ramps to and from the north side of James Ruse Drive were opened to traffic in August 1987.
Western Motorway
editA lack of funding resulted in the Wran Labor government halting plans to construct the final stage of the freeway between Mays Hill and Prospect in 1985. In December 1989 work to construct this stage began as a Build-Own-Operate-Transfer project.[19] In return for funding construction StateWide Roads, the consortium awarded to build the stage, was given permission to toll the section between James Ruse Drive and Silverwater Road as traffic volumes on this section were significantly higher than between Mays Hill-Prospect and would allow a shorter toll period with lower tolls. The consortium would also widen the section between James Ruse Drive and the newly constructed Homebush Bay Drive to six lanes. The Mays Hill to Prospect section opened in May 1992 and an initial of a $1.50 toll was implemented; as a consequence of the toll, the freeway also changed names to Western Motorway. The concession held by StateWide Roads ended on 15 February 2010, with operation of the motorway returned to the Roads and Traffic Authority and the toll removed. At the time, StateWide Roads was owned by Transurban (50.6%) and Utilities Trust of Australia (21.5%).[20]
The motorway is mostly three or four lanes wide in either direction, and carries constant heavy traffic during daylight hours, seven days a week. Built as a four-lane motorway, it was widened to six lanes during 1998 to 2000, but this did little to ease the congestion.[citation needed]
Originally planned in the mid-1950s to start in the Sydney central business district,[21] the eastern section was built only as far west as Pyrmont, as part of the North West Expressway (or F3), a freeway that would connect the Sydney and Newcastle central business districts; this section is now part of the Western Distributor. From there it was to have joined with the Western Expressway (the F4), and the Southern Expressway (the F6) in Glebe.[22] The western end of Western Freeway was to be routed through the Mitchell's Pass area through to Blaxland, however due to protests and the fact that the historic Lennox Bridge was very close to the intended pathway, it was decided to terminate the road at Russell Street, Emu Plains until a solution could be later found. This would have bypassed the Lapstone Hill area and avoided the sharp bends as the road enters Glenbrook. In December 1989 the western extension of the freeway commenced construction, from Russell Street to Great Western Highway in the vicinity of Governors Drive in Lapstone, would bypass the narrow and winding section of Great Western Highway, including the historic Knapsack Bridge; in June 1993, this new section was opened to traffic.[23]
The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924[24] through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (MRB). With the subsequent passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929[25] to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, the Department of Main Roads (having succeeded the MRB in 1932) declared Western Freeway as a motorway (under plan number 6004), on 9 February 1977,[2] and was re-declared to cover each extension until it reached its eastern terminus in Concord; the tollway today still retains this declaration (under Tollway 6004).[26]
In 2013 the state government announced the intention to implement a 'Managed Motorway' scheme on the M4 over the coming years to improve traffic flow. Mechanisms to be used include improved Variable Message Signs, Ramp metering signals, dynamic speed and incident management, and an upgrade of the Emergency Telephone System.[27]
National Route 32 was allocated to Great Western Highway originally in 1955: as new sections of the freeway opened, National Route 32 was re-routed along these new sections; from 1974, sections of the highway formerly allocated National Route 32 were allocated State Route 44 instead. Freeway Routes were introduced in 1973, and Freeway Route F4 was allocated to all existing sections, and extended along with National Route 32 each time a new section was opened. In 1992, at the same time the freeway was renamed, Metroad 4 replaced both National Route 32 and Freeway Route F4 across the entire freeway from Emu Plains to North Strathfield. With the conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, Metroad 4 was replaced with route M4.[28]
The section between Church Street in Parramatta and the eastern end at Concord was widened as part of WestConnex works. Construction commenced in March 2015 and in November 2015, it was announced that toll points would be reinstated on this section from 2017 to cover costs of the WestConnex project. The toll was introduced on 15 August 2017.[6]
M4 East
edit WestConnex M4 Tunnel western exit at Homebush | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Route | M4 Motorway |
| Start | Haberfield (east) |
| End | Homebush (west) |
| Operation | |
| Work begun | 2015 |
| Constructed | |
| Opened | 13 July 2019 |
| Owner | WestConnex |
| Operator | Sydney Motorway Corporation |
| Toll | $4.41 (2020 dollars, subject to indexing, each way) |
| Technical | |
| Length | 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) |
| No. of lanes | 3 in each direction |
| Operating speed | 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph) (variable speed limit) |
Until 2019 the eastern end of the M4 was at North Strathfield, some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the Sydney central business district. Over the years a number of proposals were made to extend the M4 east towards the city. One plan in the 1990s involved extending the M4 eastwards by approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) so that it would subsequently end in Ashfield and be continuous with the City West Link. Further planned upgrades to the City West Link would mean commuters going west out of the city could get to Parramatta without passing through traffic lights.
The government proposed a subsequent $7 billion plan for M4 East in July 2002, including three options:[29][30]
- short tunnel option: a 3.6-kilometre (2.2 mi) tunnel between the M4 at Concord and City West Link and Parramatta Road at Haberfield
- long tunnel option: a 6.5-kilometre (4.0 mi) tunnel between the M4 at Concord and City West Link at Lilyfield
- slot option: a sunken trench road similar to the Eastern Distributor, between the M4 at Concord and Parramatta Road at Haberfield
All three options would run below or parallel to Parramatta Road and/or City West Link. The short tunnel option was preferred for having lower costs both during construction and operation. The long tunnel option was considered to have the potential to increase congestion on the approaches to Anzac Bridge, causing eastbound queues to extend into the tunnels. The slot option could be constructed at a similar cost to the short tunnel, however, it was considered to not provide the same level of traffic benefits as the short tunnel option. Additionally, the option would need to acquire additional properties and the construction period for this option would be longer.[30]
Between 2003 and 2004 the preferred short tunnel option for an eastern extension of the M4 Motorway was exhibited.[30] Members of the government were divided over the M4 East proposal and ultimately did not proceed with it in early 2005 due to community opposition.[29][31] The preferred option eventually formed the basis of the concept design for the M4 East project of the WestConnex.
In the month before the 2011 state election the NRMA released a report in which it recommended building a tunnel to connect the end of the M4 at Concord and the start of the City West Link, relieving Parramatta Road of enough traffic to convert it into two lanes for slower-moving local traffic, two lanes of light rail and a cycleway.[32] The report argued that this would allow Parramatta Road to be transformed with medium-density housing, shops and cafes and that the $10.04 billion in additional stamp duty and other revenues from this would pay for the $7.38 billion price tag of the project.[33]
In October 2012 the NSW government announced their commitment to deliver the WestConnex project, involving widening the existing M4 motorway as well as extending it east with a tunnel from North Strathfield to Taverners Hill. The project also involved duplicating the M5 East tunnel and building a new tunnel linking the M4 and M5 motorways.[34]
In June 2015 the tender to design and build the WestConnex M4 Tunnel was awarded to Leighton Contractors, Samsung and John Holland.[35] Located 35 metres (115 ft) beneath Parramatta Road, the 5.5-kilometre (3 mi) dual-tunnel was funded through a $1.8 billion grant from the NSW Government and, from the Australian Government, a $1.5 billion grant and concessional loan of up to $2 billion, plus user tolling.[36] The M4 East opened to traffic on 13 July 2019[9][10] and tolls were levied on both the M4 East Tunnel ($4.41 in 2020,[37] comprising a flagfall and a change per distance travelled, subject to indexing) and the widening of the M4 between Parramatta and Homebush (base of $4.21 each way, subject to indexing). Both tolls will continue until 2060.[38][39]
M4 and M8 extensions
editStage 3 of the WestConnex scheme saw a new motorway connection running from the end of the M4 at Haberfield to connect with the airport and the M8 Motorway (formerly the New M5) at St Peters, along with an interchange at Rozelle linking to the Anzac Bridge and Victoria Road (Iron Cove Bridge). This section aimed to reduce travel times between Western Sydney and Port Botany while removing heavy vehicles from surface streets in the Inner West.[40][41]
In September 2022 the government announced that the connection would be referred to as extensions of the M4 and M8 when the connection opened.[11] The main tunnels between WestConnex M4 Tunnels at Haberfield and the M8 Tunnels at St Peters opened on 20 January 2023, with the M4 and M8 route markers extended to meet at Leichhardt until Rozelle Interchange opened.[12] The interchange opened on 26 November 2023 and the M4 route marker was further extended to Rozelle and Anzac Bridge where the route transitions into A4.[14]
M4 Smart Motorway Project
editIn July 2019 the NSW government announced its M4 Smart Motorway Project[42] which involves widening the on and off ramps for the untolled section of the motorway between Lapstone and Mays Hill, including the installation of overhead gantries with variable speed limit displays and traffic signals on the on-ramps between Orchard Hills and Mays Hill for traffic metering during peak periods.
Toll
editThe section of the M4 between Church Street, Parramatta and Haberfield are tolled by distance travelled as part of WestConnex.[6][43] Toll points are located at entrances and exits along this section. The toll charge consists of:
- a flagfall
- a charge per kilometre
Tolls for heavy vehicles are triple of cars and motorcycles. Toll prices increase by 4% or the consumer price index (CPI) every year, whichever is greater, until 2040, after which CPI will apply.[44]
| Toll road | Class A toll prices[a] | Class B toll prices[a] | Toll increase[47] | Toll concessionaire | Expiry of toll concession[48] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flagfall | Charge per km | Toll cap
| |||||
| WestConnex (M4, M5 East, M8) |
$1.67 | $0.6164 | $11.78 | 3 x of Class A prices | Annually on 1 January, by the greater of CPI or 4% until December 2040, then by CPI only | Sydney Transport Partners (9% Tawreed Investments 10.5% CPPIB, 10% Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ), 20.5% Australian Super, 50% Transurban) |
2060
|
A toll point was previously introduced between James Ruse Drive and Silverwater Road in both directions until the toll was removed on 16 February 2010, when the M4 ownership was returned to the state government.[49]
Exits and interchanges
edit| LGA | Location | km[1] | mi | Destinations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Mountains | Glenbrook | 0 | 0.0 | Great Western Highway (A32) – Katoomba, Lithgow, Bathurst | Western terminus of motorway and route M4; Road continues as Great Western Highway |
| Blue Mountains–Penrith boundary | Glenbrook–Emu Plains–Leonay tripoint | 0.6 | 0.37 | Blue Mountains railway line | |
| Penrith | Emu Plains–Leonay boundary | 1.7 | 1.1 |  Russell Street (A44) – Emu Plains, Penrith | Offset dumbbell interchange |
| Nepean River | 2.6 | 1.6 | Regentville Bridge | ||
| Penrith | Jamisontown–Regentville boundary | 4.0 | 2.5 | Mulgoa Road – Mulgoa, Penrith | Diamond interchange |
| Glenmore Park–South Penrith–Orchard Hills tripoint | 7.5 | 4.7 |   The Northern Road (A9) – Windsor, Narellan, Nepean Hospital | Single-point urban interchange | |
| Orchard Hills–Claremont Meadows boundary | 12.7 | 7.9 | Kent Road – Orchard Hills, Werrington | Half-diamond interchange, eastbound entrance and westbound exit only | |
| South Creek | 13.2 | 8.2 | Bridge over the river (no known name) | ||
| Penrith | Orchard Hills–St Clair–St Marys tripoint | 13.7 | 8.5 | Mamre Road – St Marys, Badgerys Creek | Partial cloverleaf interchange |
| Erskine Park–Colyton boundary | 17.2 | 10.7 | Roper Road (north) – Mt Druitt, Lethbridge Park Erskine Park Road (south) – Erskine Park | Partial cloverleaf interchange, eastbound and westbound entrance, westbound exit only | |
| Blacktown | Eastern Creek–Minchinbury boundary | 21.6 | 13.4 | Wallgrove Road – Horsley Park, Rooty Hill | Diamond interchange |
  Westlink M7 (M7) – Dean Park, Bella Vista, Prestons, Sydney Airport (via M5) | Light Horse Interchange: modified four-level stack interchange; tolled entrance to and exit from M7 | ||||
| Huntingwood–Blacktown–Prospect tripoint | 25.5 | 15.8 | Reservoir Road – Pemulwuy, Blacktown, Sydney Motorsport Park, Prospect Reservoir | Partial diamond and partial cloverleaf interchange | |
| Prospect | 27.4 | 17.0 | Prospect Highway – Pemulwuy, Prospect, Wet'n'Wild, Prospect Reservoir | Partial offset dumbbell interchange | |
| Parramatta | Greystanes–South Wentworthville boundary | 32.0 | 19.9 |  Cumberland Highway (A28) – Wahroonga, Pennant Hills, Liverpool, Westmead and Children's hospitals | Diamond interchange |
| South Wentworthville–Merrylands boundary | 33.7 | 20.9 | Great Western Highway (A44) – Wentworthville, Westmead, Parramatta Coleman Street – Westmead, Merrylands, Westmead and Children's hospitals | Eastbound entrance ramp from Great Western Highway; Westbound exit via Coleman Street | |
| Merrylands | 34.6 | 21.5 | Burnett Street – Merrylands, Parramatta | Eastbound entrance and westbound exit only | |
| Holroyd | 35.9 | 22.3 | Western boundary of toll road | ||
| Holroyd–Granville boundary | 36.2 | 22.5 | Church Street (Great Western Highway) (A44 north) – Parramatta Parramatta Road (Great Western Highway) (A44 east) – Granville, Strathfield Woodville Road (south) – Villawood | Eastbound exit and westbound entrance only No right turn from Church Street into westbound entrance ramp | |
| Clyde | 37.7 | 23.4 | James Ruse Drive (north) – Rose Hill, North Parramatta, Northmead | Eastbound exit to the north only, westbound entrance from the north only | |
| 37.8 | 23.5 | James Ruse Drive – Rose Hill, North Parramatta, Northmead, to Great Western Highway | Eastbound entrance and westbound exit only | ||
| Duck River | 38.8 | 24.1 | Bridge over the river (no known name) | ||
| Cumberland | Auburn–Lidcombe boundary | 40.4 | 25.1 |  Silverwater Road (A6) – Bankstown, Heathcote, Silverwater, Carlingford | Diamond interchange |
| Haslams Creek | 41.2 | 25.6 | Bridge over the river (no known name) | ||
| Cumberland | Lidcombe | 41.6 | 25.8 | Hill Road – Lidcombe, Wentworth Point, Sydney Olympic Park | Eastbound exit to the north, eastbound and westbound entrances from the north only |
| Homebush West | 43.3 | 26.9 |  Homebush Bay Drive (A3 north) – Ryde, Mona Vale, Sydney Olympic Park Centenary Drive (A3 south) – Homebush West, Beverley Hills, Blakehurst | Offset diamond interchange hybrid; westbound entrance from the north is via a loop | |
| Strathfield | Homebush | 44.0 | 27.3 | M4 Western Motorway eastern terminus; M4 East western terminus | M4 East Tunnel entrance/exit |
| 45.0 | 28.0 | Parramatta Road (Great Western Highway) (A44) – Homebush | Westbound entrance only | ||
| Powells Creek | 45.1 | 28.0 | Tunnel under creek, bridge over the creek (no known name) | ||
| Strathfield | North Strathfield | 45.5 | 28.3 | Sydney Street (to Concord Road) – North Strathfield, Strathfield, Concord | Surface entrance and exit: Eastbound exit to the north and south, westbound entrance from the north only |
| Concord Road – North Strathfield, Strathfield, Concord | Tunnel entrance and exit: Eastbound entrance and westbound exit only | ||||
| North Strathfield–Concord boundary | 45.9 | 28.5 | Parramatta Road (Great Western Highway) (A44) – Burwood, Five Dock | Westbound entrance from and eastbound exit to east only Eastern terminus of surface-level roadway | |
| Iron Cove Creek | 48.9 | 30.4 | Tunnel under the creek | ||
| Inner West | Haberfield | 49.3 | 30.6 | M4 East eastern terminus; M4–M8 Link western terminus | |
| Wattle Street (A44) – Haberfield, Rozelle, Sydney | Westbound entrance from and eastbound exit to the north only Eastbound entrance from and westbound exit to the south only | ||||
| Haberfield–Ashfield boundary | 49.6 | 30.8 |  Parramatta Road (Great Western Highway) (A22) – Leichhardt, Haymarket | Westbound entrance from and eastbound exit to the east only | |
| Hawthorne Canal | 51.2 | 31.8 | Tunnel under the canal | ||
| Inner West | Leichhardt | 52.1 | 32.4 |  M8 Motorway (M8) – St Peters, Sydney Airport | M4–M8 Link continues along the M8 Motorway Rozelle Interchange western terminus |
| Lilyfield | 53.1 | 33.0 | Eastern boundary of toll road | ||
| Western Harbour Tunnel – North Sydney, Warringah Freeway | Under construction Westbound entrance and eastbound exit only | ||||
| Rozelle | 54.2 | 33.7 | Iron Cove Link, to  Victoria Road (A40) – Lane Cove, Ryde | Eastbound entrance and westbound exit only | |
| 54.4 | 33.8 | Rozelle Interchange eastern terminus | Tunnel entrance/exit | ||
| 54.8 | 34.1 | Western Distributor (A4) – Sydney, Anzac Bridge | Eastern terminus of motorway and route M4, continues west as route A4 along Western Distributor | ||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
| |||||
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c "M4 Motorway" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Main Roads Act 1924". Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales. No. 18. National Library of Australia. 18 February 1977. p. 605. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ Western Motorway (M4) Ozroads: the Australian Roads Website. Retrieved on 29 August 2008.[self-published source]
- ^ Historic Photos, Ozroads: the Australian Roads Website. Retrieved on 29 August 2008.[self-published source]
- ^ M4 Photos Today, Ozroads: the Australian Roads Website. Retrieved on 29 August 2008.
- ^ a b c "M4 Widening | WestConnex". WestConnex. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
- ^ NSW Government – M4 12-Months Post Opening East Road Network Performance Review Plan Consultation Report
- ^ Alpha Numeric Implementation Factsheet, Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 28 May 2013
- ^ a b "WestConnex". NSW Government. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ a b "New M4 tunnels to open this weekend". WestConnex. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ a b "M4-M5 link to be renamed". NSW Government. 13 September 2022.
- ^ a b "WestConnex nears completion with new 7.5km tunnel opening tomorrow under Sydney's inner west". ABC News. 19 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ^ "Map of the new extensions of the M4 and M8" (PDF). WestConnex. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Rozelle Interchange to open for Sydney drivers on Sunday morning". ABC News. 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ a b "JOURNAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MAIN ROADS, NEW SOUTH WALES" (PDF). Main Roads. 48 (1). Sydney: OpenGov NSW: 3–6. March 1983.
- ^ Lucy, Richard (1979). "Wran's our man: The 1978 NSW state election". Politics. 14 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1080/00323267908401697. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ Black, John (2006). "Transport". In Bramston, Troy (ed.). The Wran Era (illustrated ed.). Federation Press. pp. 134–142. ISBN 1862876053.
- ^ Jones, Cathy (31 January 2017). "M4 Motorway History". Strathfield Heritage. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Department of Main Roads Annual Report 1988-89" (PDF). OpenGov NSW. Department of Main Roads. p. 6, 31. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ Li, Zheng; Hensher, David (September 2010). "Toll Roads in Australia: An Overview of Characteristics and Accuracy of Demand Forecasts". Transport Reviews. 30 (5): 541–569. doi:10.1080/01441640903211173. S2CID 153484704. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
- ^ Western Motorway (M4) Construction, Ozroads: the Australian Roads Website. Retrieved on 29 August 2008.[self-published source]
- ^ Torr, Bradley. "The M4 Motorway – a history and exit guide". Geocities. Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) [self-published source] - ^ "Knapsack Viaduct, Lapstone". New South Wales Heritage Database. Office of Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ State of New South Wales, An Act to provide for the better construction, maintenance, and financing of main roads; to provide for developmental roads; to constitute a Main Roads Board Archived 11 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine 10 November 1924
- ^ State of New South Wales, An Act to amend the Main Roads Act, 1924–1927; to confer certain further powers upon the Main Roads Board; to amend the Local Government Act, 1919, and certain other Acts; to validate certain payments and other matters; and for purposes connected therewith. Archived 12 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine 8 April 1929
- ^ Transport for NSW (August 2022). "Schedule of Classified Roads and Unclassified Regional Roads" (PDF). Government of New South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ Benefits, Features and Tools of a Managed Motorway – Roads and Traffic Authority. Retrieved on 24 October 2013.
- ^ "Road number and name changes in NSW" (PDF). Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ a b Goodsir, Darren (18 June 2004). "Carr's rivals fume in clash over M4 East". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ a b c "M4 East Environmental Impact Statement – Volume 1A Part 1". WestConnex. September 2015. p. 4-1 to 4–3, 4–12 to 4–13. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ "M4 East and Marrickville Tunnel". Marrickville Greens. 4 May 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ "Boulevard of dreams comes with a hidden cost". The Sydney Morning Herald. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ^ "New plan to transform Sydney's West" (Press release). NRMA. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ^ "WestConnext Green Light" (Press release). WestConnex: Government of New South Wales. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ^ "Leighton team scoops $2.7bn Sydney motorway". Construction Index. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ "M4 East: Project Overview" (PDF). WestConnex. NSW Government and Australian Government. September 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "Toll calculator". Using toll roads. Linkt: Transurban Limited. 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ "WestConnex M5 Project Deed Schedules" (PDF). Roads & Maritime Services. Government of New South Wales. 2015.
- ^ West, Michael (28 February 2018). "WestConnex: when four tollroads become ten". Michael West Media. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ Infrastructure New South Wales (2012). "First things first: the state infrastructure strategy 2012–2032" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- ^ "M4-M5 Link Tunnels". WestConnex. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ Roads and Maritime Services, N. S. W. "M4 Smart Motorway project". Roads and Maritime Services. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ "New M4 tolls". WestConnex. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "Tolling". WestConnex. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ "Toll costs by road". NSW Government. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ "What is my vehicle class?". Linkt. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ "When and how do toll prices increase". Linkt. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ "Road tolling in New South Wales" (PDF). New South Wales Parliament. Portfolio Committee No.2 – Health and Community Services. October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
- ^ "Sydney's M4 Toll to be abolished". Sydney Morning Herald. 14 February 2010.
External links
edit
- O'Sullivan, Matt; Saulwick, Jacob (2016). "Sydney 2026: Chapter 1: The future of Sydney roads and rail: The Commute". The Sydney Morning Herald.