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Republic of China Military Academy

(Redirected from Whampoa clique)

22°37′09.0″N 120°21′56.2″E / 22.619167°N 120.365611°E / 22.619167; 120.365611

Republic of China Military Academy
中華民國陸軍軍官學校
Former names
Whampoa Military Academy (1924–1926)
Central Military Academy (1927–1949)
Chinese Workers and Peasants Military Academy
MottoFraternity, Devotion, Sincerity
TypeService academy
EstablishedMay 1, 1924; 100 years ago (May 1, 1924)
SuperintendentMaj. Gen. Chang Chieh (張捷)
Location
Fengshan District, Kaohsiung
,
Taiwan
CampusSuburban
Websitewww.cma.edu.tw
Republic of China Military Academy
Main gate
Traditional Chinese中華民國陸軍軍官學校
Simplified Chinese中华民国陆军军官学校
Literal meaningRepublic of China Army Officer School
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōnghúa Mīngúo Lùjūn Jūnguān Xúexiào
Wade–GilesChung-hua Min-kuo Lu-chün Chün-kuan Hsüeh-hsiao
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu
abbreviation
Traditional Chinese陸軍官校
Literal meaningArmy Officer School
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLùjūn Guānxiào
Wade–GilesLu-chün Kuan-hsiao
Southern Min
Hokkien POJLio̍k-kun Koaⁿ-hāu
Whampoa Military Academy
Main gate
Traditional Chinese黃埔軍校
Simplified Chinese黄埔军校
Literal meaningYellow Port Army School
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHuángpǔ Jūnxiào
Wade–GilesHuang-p'u Chün-hsiao
Southern Min
Hokkien POJN̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu

The Republic of China Military Academy (Chinese: 中華民國陸軍軍官學校; pinyin: Zhōnghúa Mīngúo Lùjūn Jūnguān Xúexiào; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu), also known as the Chinese Military Academy (CMA), is the service academy for the army. It was founded by the Republic of China as the Whampoa Military Academy at Huangpu (Whampoa), Guangzhou in 1924. At the end of the Chinese Civil War the academy evacuated to the island of Taiwan and took its current name. Its graduates participated in the Northern Expedition, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.

Establishment

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The founding ceremony in 1924. On the stage is Sun Yat-sen, behind the table, and Chiang Kai-shek, in uniform.
 
Whampoa buildings in 2005.

By 1924, the Kuomintang (KMT) wanted to build a modern, and politically-reliable armed force. The KMT received money, materiel, and advisors from the Soviet Union; military advisors provided training and began reorganizing the KMT's forces along Soviet lines. As part of the reforms, political commissars were introduced for political and technical training and, in 1924, the KMT's 1st National Congress approved the creation of the Whampoa Military Academy to train junior officers for the what would become the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). The academy was established in May 1924[1] on Changzhou Island[citation needed] in Huangpu, Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as superintendent.[2] Liao Zhongkai, the KMT treasury secretary, was the party's representative to the academy. Sun Yat-sen took the ceremonial position of the academy's premier.[3]

Early years

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Zhou Enlai as director of the academy's political department in 1924.

The Chinese faculty included graduates from the Baoding Military Academy, the Yunnan Military Academy, and the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. There were also a small number of Soviet instructors trained at the Frunze Military Academy;[4] they were the academy's primary instructors.[5] Members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) were admitted as faculty and students as part of the First United Front.[4] The political instructors were mostly Communists, as was the their director, Zhou Enlai.[6] The later People's Liberation Army also recruited Whampoa graduates.[7]

The academy's provided a 6-12 month[3] military-political program incorporating Western pedagogical methods and practical exercises. Military training was primarily infantry-focused, but also included classes for artillery, engineers, logistics, and heavy weapons. Political training was based on Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, KMT history, and Western politics and economics.[4] The program was inferior to those provided by contemporary professional armies, but it gave the NRA an advantage over the less professional Chinese armies of the Warlord Era.[3] The first class of 490 graduated in November.[2]

 
Alumni record of the first group students of Republic of China Military Academy.

The academy formed the first "model" regiment in October 1924, which suppressed a insurrection of angry merchants and their private militia forces late that month. The Whampoa force operated successfully during the Guangdong–Guangxi War and the Yunnan–Guangxi War[2] before becoming the foundation of the NRA.[7]

By the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 the majority of Chinese divisions were commanded by Whampoa graduates.[3]

 
Training at Whampoa.

Relocations

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Flag of the ROCMA

The original academy operated until 1926.[3] In 1928, following the Northern Expedition, it was relocated to Nanjing, the new capital, and renamed as the Central Military Academy. The CMA evacuated to Chengdu in 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[citation needed]

At the end of the Chinese Civil War, the CMA evacuated to Kaohsiung on Taiwan and was renamed to the Republic of China Military Academy.[citation needed]

The site of the Whampoa Military Academy is now a museum.[citation needed]

In Taiwan

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In June 2024, President Lai Ching-te visited the ROC Military Academy on the occasion of its 100th anniversary celebration.[8]

List of superintendents

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Note: "class year" refers to the alumnus's class year, which usually is the same year they graduated. However, in times of war, classes often graduate early.
A "—" in the class year column indicates a superintendent who is not an alumnus of the Academy.
# Start End Name Photo Class year Notability
1. 2 May 1924 October 1947 Chiang Kai-shek   — Generalissimo; 1st president of the Republic of China
2. October 1947 September 1949 Lt. Gen. Guan Linzheng (關麟徵)   — General; ROC Army Commander-in-Chief
3. September 1949 December 1949 Lt. Gen. Chang Yao-ming (張耀明) 1924 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
4. October 1950 31 October 1954 Lt. Gen. Lo Yu-lun (羅友倫) 1929 General; ROC Combined Services Force Commander-in-Chief
5. 1 September 1954 31 March 1957 Lt. Gen. Hsieh Chao-chih (謝肇齊) 1929 Lieutenant general; vice president of the Army, Navy and Air Force Joint Staff University
6. 1 April 1957 31 December 1960 Lt. Gen. Hsu Ju-cheng (徐汝誠) 1929 Lieutenant general; deputy chief of the General Staff for Operations, MND-GSH
7. 1 January 1961 March 1965 Lt. Gen. Ai Ai (艾靉) 1926 Lieutenant general; deputy executive Minister of National Defense
8. March 1965 31 March 1970 Lt. Gen. Chang Li-fu (張立夫) 1929 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
9. 1 April 1970 February 1973 Lt. Gen. Lin Chu-yao (林初耀) 1933 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
10. February 1973 31 March 1976 Lt. Gen. Chin Tsu-hsi (秦祖熙) 1937 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
11. 1 April 1976 December 1977 Lt. Gen. Yen Pai-chien (言百謙) 1941 General; director of the Joint Operations Training Department, MND
12. December 1977 December 1979 Lt. Gen. Hsu Li-nung (許歷農) 1939 General; director of the General Political Warfare Department, MND
13. December 1979 30 June 1981 Lt. Gen. Chu Chih-yuan (朱致遠) 1939 Lieutenant general; ROC Army Vice Commander-in-Chief
14. 1 July 1981 30 June 1983 Lt. Gen. Lu Kuang-yi (盧光義) 1949 Lieutenant general; director of the Military Intelligence Bureau, MND
15. 1 July 1983 30 June 1985 Lt. Gen. Huang Hsing-chiang (黃幸強) 1949 General; ROC Army Commander-in-Chief
16. 1 July 1985 December 1986 Lt. Gen. Huang Yao-yu (黃耀羽) 1952 Lieutenant general; deputy director-general of the National Security Bureau
17. December 1986 30 June 1989 Lt. Gen. Tang Yuan-pu (湯元普) 1960 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
18. 1 July 1989 60 June 1991 Lt. Gen. Hu Chia-chi (胡家麒) 1961 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
19. 1 July 1991 September 1993 Lt. Gen. Yang Te-chih (楊德智) 1964 General; ROC Combined Services Force Commander-in-Chief
20. September 1993 July 1996 Lt. Gen. Ma Teng-ho (馬登鶴) 1960 Lieutenant general; ROC Combined Services Force Vice Commander-in-Chief
21. July 1996 July 1997 Lt. Gen. Tung Chao-yang (童兆陽) 1965 Lieutenant general; ROC Army Vice Commander-in-Chief
22. July 1997 January 1998 Lt. Gen. Ting Yu-chou (丁渝洲) 1966 General; secretary-general of the National Security Council
23. January 1998 28 February 2002 Lt. Gen. Chang Yueh-heng (張岳衡) 1965 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
24. 1 March 2002 30 June 2005 Lt. Gen. Yang Kuo-chiang (楊國強)   1972 Lieutenant general; incumbent director-general of the National Security Bureau
25. 1 July 2005 30 June 2006 Lt. Gen. Wang Ken-lin (王根林) 1971 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
acting 1 July 2006 31 July 2006 Lt. Gen. Chia Fu-yi (賈輔義) 1970 Lieutenant general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy (acting)
The rank of the superintendent was demoted from lieutenant general to major general by the disarmaments policy of the then President Chen Shui-bian.
26. 1 October 2006 July 2010 Maj. Gen. Chen Liang-pei (陳良沛) 1979 Major general; superintendent of the ROC Military Academy
27. July 2010 30 June 2012 Maj. Gen. Chuan Tzu-jui (全子瑞)   1981 Lieutenant general; incumbent ROC Army Chief of Staff
28. 1 July 2012 February 2015 Maj. Gen. Liu Te-king (劉得金) 1983 Lieutenant general; incumbent director of the Telecommunications Development Office, MND-GSH
29. February 2015 present Maj. Gen. Chang Chieh (張捷) 1985 Major general; incumbent superintendent of the ROC Military Academy

Faculties

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  • Center for General Education
  • Department of Civil Engineering
  • Department of Physics
  • Department of Foreign Languages
  • Department of Political Science
  • Department of Management Science
  • Department of Chemistry
  • Department of Electrical Engineering
  • Department of Mechanical Engineering
  • Department of Information Management[9]

Notable alumni

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Main category: Whampoa Military Academy alumni

Transportation

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The academy is within walking distance south of Dadong Station of the Kaohsiung MRT.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Hsu 2012, pp. 20–21.
  2. ^ a b c Hsu 2012, p. 21.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Crean 2024, p. 55.
  4. ^ a b c Hsu 2012, pp. 19–21.
  5. ^ Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. p. 26. ISBN 9781736850084.
  6. ^ Hsu 2012, p. 20.
  7. ^ a b Hsu 2012, p. 22.
  8. ^ Yeh, Joseph (June 16, 2024). "Whampoa spirit follows where ROC goes: Lai at centennial". Focus Taiwan.
  9. ^ "Academic Units". R.O.C. Military Academy.
  10. ^ James A. Millward (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
  11. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.
  12. ^ Christian Tyler (2004). Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6.

Sources

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Further reading

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