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White-tailed kite

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The white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus) is a small raptor found in western North America and parts of South America. It replaces the related Old World black-winged kite in its native range.

White-tailed kite
White-tailed kite with prey.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Elanus
Species:
E. leucurus
Binomial name
Elanus leucurus
(Vieillot, 1818)
Subspecies[2]
  • E. l. majusculus - Bangs & Penard, TE, 1920
  • E. l. leucurus - (Vieillot, 1818)
Synonyms

Elanus caeruleus leucurus

Taxonomy

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The white-tailed kite was described in 1818 by the French ornithologist, someone who studies birds, Louis Pierre Vieillot under the binomial name Milvus leucurus with the type locality as Paraguay.[3] It is now one of four species in the genus Elanus which was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Jules-César Savigny.[4] The word Elanus is from Ancient Greek elanos for a "kite". The specific epithet leucurus is from the Ancient Greek leukouros for "white-tailed": leukos is "white" and oura is "tail".[5]

For some recent decades, it was lumped with the black-winged kite of Europe and Africa as Elanus caeruleus and was collectively called black-shouldered kite.[4] However, the American Ornithologists’ Union accepted a more recent argument that the white-tailed kite differed from the Old-World species in size, shape, plumage, and behavior, and that these differences were sufficient to warrant full species status.[5] Thus, the white-tailed kite was returned to its original name. Meanwhile, the Old World E. caeruleus is once again called black-winged kite, while the name black-shouldered kite is now reserved for an Australian species, Elanus axillaris, which had also been lumped into E. caeruleus but is now regarded as separate again.

Description

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The coloration of the white-tailed kite is gull-like, but its shape and flight is falcon-like, with a rounded tail. While it has white faces and white underparts, it has black wingtips, beaks, and shoulders. Contrastingly, the white-tailed kite has deep red eyes that stand out at night.[6] A mid-sized kite, it measures 35–43 cm (14–17 in) in length, spans 88–102 cm (35–40 in) across the wings and weighs 250–380 g (8.8–13.4 oz). Both the wings and tail are relatively elongated, and the tarsus measures around 3.6 cm (1.4 in).[7]

 
White-tailed kite hovering.
 
White-tailed kite roosting.

Distribution and habitat

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The white-tailed kite was rendered almost extinct in California in the 1930s and 1940s due to shooting and egg-collecting, but they are now common again. Their distribution is patchy, however. They can be found in Central Valley and southern coastal areas, open land around Goleta including the Ellwood Mesa Open Space, marshes in Humboldt County, and also around the San Francisco Bay. Elsewhere in California, they are still rare or absent. Although they are not migratory birds, they are also found from southern Texas and eastern Mexico to the Baja California Peninsula and through Central and South America to central Argentina and Chile. Globally, they are not considered threatened species by the IUCN.[1] On rare occasions the bird can be found far outside its usual range. At different times, two had been sighted in New England as of 2010.[n 1]

White-tailed kites typically nest at the top of trees, usually around 20 to 50 feet above ground level. These nests can be in open-country trees growing in isolation, or at the edge of or within a forest. Their nests are built from medium-sized sticks and twigs, grasses, weeds, hay, and moss and are measured about 21 inches across with a cup that is around 7 inches across and 4 inches deep.[9]

Behaviour

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The white-tailed kite is famously known for “kiting,” hovering in a position by facing into the wind and fluttering its wings. Although it may seem like irrelevant behavior at first, it does serve a purpose for hunting. While hovering around 80 feet in the air, it tips its head down to look for small mammals moving in the grass below. When prey is spotted, it dives down, quickly grabs the animal with its talons, and flies back up to eat.[10]

White-tailed kites feed principally on rodents (as well as small opossums, shrews, reptiles, amphibians and large insects),[11] and they are readily seen patrolling or hovering over lowland scrub or grassland. They rarely if ever eat other birds, and even in open cerrado, mixed-species feeding flocks will generally ignore them.[12] Most of the hunted insects are consumed on the wing while flying. This means that instead of returning to a perch to feed, these birds transfer the prey from their talons to their beaks while flying to eat. In the case of larger prey such as rodents and lizards, they will fly to a perch to pluck and eat.[13]

Outside the breeding season during the winter, they roost, congregate or settle to rest at night, communally in groups of up to 100. However, once mating formally begins with the construction of nests by both males and females in mid-February, the female kite abstains from hunting for the time being and stays in the nest to incubate the eggs while the male brings food back to the nest for the female and children.[14] This incubation period lasts around 26-32 days and they lay around 4 to 5 eggs at a time. Their eggs are cream-colored with splotches of light and dark brown. Once they have hatched, it takes them around 35-40 days to develop the proper feathers and start learning how to fly.[15]

White-tailed kites have been observed in aerial combat at the margins of territories, locking talons in a behavior described as "grappling".[16] This is most often done during mating season as an act of dominance when the male Kite patrols the nest. They will typically slash and peck at intruding birds until one of the birds backs down or falls.

Threats

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Their predators are primarily other birds like red-tailed hawks, peregrine falcons, prairie falcons, and great-horned owls. Meanwhile, smaller birds like American crows, common ravens, and small to medium-sized carnivores will go for the eggs of white-tailed kites.[17]

Deforestation and urban expansions have caused the number of white-tailed kites to decrease as they lose suitable places to live and truly thrive. Climate change also impacts the white-tailed kite population as heat waves in the spring put young birds at risk as their bodies are not developed enough to properly regulate their body temperature and can die from dehydration.

Notes

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  1. ^ In August 2010, one was repeatedly seen at the mouth of the Housatonic River in Connecticut. "One of only two that we know of from New England", according to Frank Gallow, associate director of the Connecticut Audubon Society Coastal Center.[8]

References

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  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Elanus leucurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695036A93486216. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695036A93486216.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
  3. ^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1818). Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc (in French). Vol. 20. Paris: Deterville. p. 563. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.20211. The page is incorrectly numbered as 556.
  4. ^ Savigny, Jules-César (1809). Jomard, Edme-François (ed.). Description de l'Égypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Impériale. pp. 69, 97–98.
  5. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 144, 225. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ "White-tailed kite Elanus leucurus". www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  7. ^ Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A.; Franklin, Kim; Mead, David; Burton, Philip (2001). Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-12762-3.
  8. ^ Sanders, Jack (19 August 2010). "Bird Notes: Hummingbird antics and some rare visitors". The Ridgefield Press. Ridgefield, Connecticut.
  9. ^ "White-tailed Kite Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  10. ^ "White-tailed Kite Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  11. ^ Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. & Franklin, K. & Mead, D. & Burton, P.. (2001). Raptors of the world. Helm Identification Guides.
  12. ^ Ragusa-Netto, J. (2000). "Raptors and "campo-cerrado" bird mixed flock led by Cypsnagra hirundinacea (Emberizidae: Thraupinae)". Revista Brasileira de Biologia. 60 (3): 461–467. doi:10.1590/S0034-71082000000300011. hdl:11449/28947. PMID 11188872.
  13. ^ "White-tailed Kite | The Peregrine Fund". peregrinefund.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  14. ^ Warner, J. Sauve; Rudd, Robert L. (July 1975). "Hunting by the White-Tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus)". The Condor. 77 (2): 226–230. doi:10.2307/1365804. ISSN 1938-5129. JSTOR 1365804.
  15. ^ "Life history account for White-tailed Kite". California Department of Fish and Wild Life. 1990.
  16. ^ Whitt, Michael (1992). "Grappling in Black-shouldered Kites". Western Birds. 23 (2). Western Field Ornithologists: 81–83.
  17. ^ Chung, Dajung (2021). "White-Tailed Kite". UC SANTA CRUZ CAMPUS NATURAL RESERVE.
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