The White House executive chef is the individual responsible for managing the kitchens, and for planning and preparing of all menus and meals for the president of the United States and the first family, which includes their private meals, their private entertaining, and official state functions at the White House in Washington, D.C., in the United States.
History
editEarly White House cooks and chefs
editBeginning with George Washington, slaves prepared food for American presidents, First Families, and for social gatherings.[1] Although slavery ended in the United States after the American Civil War, African Americans continued to provide nearly all the cooking in the White House kitchen. Occasionally, a professional chef was used beginning in the latter half of the 19th century.[2] President Ulysses S. Grant employed a Union Army cook until his embarrassed wife forced him to hire the Italian-trained chef Valentino Melah.[3][4] President Rutherford B. Hayes used the services of cook and nurse Winnie Monroe, a freed African American slave.[5] Chester Arthur used a cook who formerly worked at his private residence as his White House chef for casual dining, and hired French-trained professional chef Alexander Fortin to oversee preparation of important political meals and state dinners.[6][7] President Grover Cleveland also used a French chef to prepare his meals during his first term.[8] President Benjamin Harrison had a French chef as well, but fired him after only a short time in favor of the services of Dolly Johnson, a freed African American slave who had cooked for the Harrisons in Indianapolis.[9] President William McKinley hired a local cook for everyday dining, but a French-trained chef traveled from New York City to prepare formal dinners.[10]
Swedish native Sigrid Nilsson served as President Woodrow Wilson's chief cook at the White House from 1915 to 1919.[11] American-trained professional chef Alice Howard served presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson,[12] while "head cook" Kathy Buckley worked for Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover[13] and Henrietta Nesbitt served as housekeeper and head cook for Franklin D. Roosevelt.[14][15] Vietta Garr, President Harry S. Truman's long-time personal cook and domestic assistant, came to the White House as head cook in 1945 after Truman fired Nesbitt for insubordination.[16][17] Dwight D. Eisenhower used the services of French-trained chef François Rysavy from 1954 to 1957[18] and former United States Navy chef Pedro Udo (a Filipino) from 1957 to 1960.[19][a] Zephyr Wright, one of the last personal chefs to work in the White House, prepared meals for President Lyndon B. Johnson.[21]
Executive Chef
edit
In 1961, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy reorganized the White House staff under her supervision, and created the title of Executive Chef for the first time.[22] Kennedy hired French-born and -trained chef René Verdon, who served until 1965. Verdon established a new standard for White House dining, one in which only the highest quality ingredients and cooking techniques were acceptable. The first meal he crafted for the White House, a lunch for British prime minister Harold Macmillan, was featured on the front page of The New York Times.[23]
Verdon resigned at the end of 1965 in a dispute with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the cuisine being offered at the White House. The Johnsons brought long-time family cook Zephyr Wright to the Executive Residence, where she became the first family's personal chef.[24] For formal dining, the Johnsons hired 43-year-old Swiss-born and -trained chef Henry Haller to be executive chef. Haller proved so popular that he remained in the position until October 1, 1987.[25]
Jon Hill, a 33-year-old American-born and -trained chef, served as executive chef from October 1, 1987, to January 8, 1988. Hill resigned after First Lady Nancy Reagan expressed significant disapproval of his cooking and presentation. He was replaced by White House assistant chef Hans Raffert.[26] Raffert, a German-born chef who trained throughout Europe, joined the Nixon White House kitchen staff in 1969, and was the first White House chef to create a gingerbread house as part of the Executive Residence Christmas decorations. Raffert was 60 when he became Executive Chef, and retired in October 1992 just before he turned 65.[27] French-born and trained chef Pierre Chambrin succeeded Raffert as executive chef, but he was asked to resign in March 1994 after refusing to cook the low-fat American cuisine favored by President Bill and First Lady Hillary Clinton.[28]
Walter Scheib was appointed executive chef in April 1994.[29] While his tenure under the Clintons was a happy one, he had a more difficult time meeting the needs of President George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush, and Laura Bush's social secretary, Lea Berman. Laura Bush wanted a more formal presentation, and President Bush disliked soup, salad, and poached fish—staples of Scheib's cuisine.[30] Scheib was fired by the Bushes in February 2005,[31] and succeeded in August 2005 by Cristeta Comerford, a White House sous-chef whom Scheib had hired in 1995.[32] Comerford was the first woman and person of color to be selected for the post.[33]
President Barack Obama retained Comerford as executive chef,[34] but brought chef Sam Kass from Chicago to act as the first family's personal chef. Kass, who assumed several policy positions in the White House as well, resigned in December 2014.[35] In November 2009, Marcus Samuelsson became the first guest chef at a White House state dinner when Comerford temporarily stepped aside to allow him to cook for Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh.[36]
Comerford was retained as executive chef by President Donald Trump[37] and later by President Joe Biden.[38] She retired in July of 2024, after nearly 3 decades of working in the White House kitchen.[39]
List of executive chefs
edit| No. | Image | Name | Term |
|---|---|---|---|
1
|
.jpg)
|
René Verdon | 1961–1965 |
2
|
|
Henry Haller | 1966–1987 |
3
|
|
Jon Hill | 1987–1988 |
4
|
.jpg)
|
Hans Raffert | 1988–1992 |
5
|
.jpg)
|
Pierre Chambrin | 1992–1994 |
6
|
Walter Scheib | 1994–2005 | |
7
|
|
Cristeta Comerford | 2005–2024 |
Duties and staff
editThe executive chef is responsible for planning and preparing all menus and meals for the first family and for all entertaining (informal, formal, and state dinners) served by the White House, either away or on-site.[40][33] The executive chef supervises a staff of five,[22][41][b] and a part-time staff of 20 to 25 assistant chefs and kitchen helpers.[22][41]
The executive chef is formally hired by the first lady,[33] and reports to the White House chief usher.[40] The executive chef has no purview over any of the desserts or pastries served at the White House. The White House executive pastry chef operates as a separate entity, but coordinates with the executive chef for all meals and events.[43]
The White House executive chef made between $80,000 and $100,000 annually in 2005 ($110,997 to $138,746 in 2021 dollars).[22] The chef receives no overtime, and the workload can vary considerably depending on whether the first family is in residence or traveling, if there is a special event, or if a holiday occurs.[29]
The kitchen
editThe White House executive chef works in one of two kitchens at the White House: The main kitchen, which is located in the northwest[44] corner of the Ground Floor of the White House,[45] and the Family Kitchen on the Second Floor.[46][47] The executive pastry chef works in the Pastry Kitchen on the mezzanine of the State floor, above the butler's pantry.[48] The main kitchen was last renovated in 1971.[49]
As of 2011, the White House executive chef used a natural gas oven and range manufactured by Vulcan Restaurant Equipment; a Traulsen refrigerator and freezer; a Cimbali M32 espresso machine; a Hobart 300 gravity-fed food slicer; Mauviel stainless steel pots and pans; and Misono knives.[50]
See also
edit- Hercules Posey, George Washington's slave and chief chef
Notes
editExplanatory notes
edit- ^ Another Filipino Navy cook, Lee Luckey, was staff cook for Presidents Truman and Eisenhower from October 1951 to July 1953. Luckey cooked at Truman's Little White House in Key West, Florida, and at Eisenhower's summer retreat in Orange Springs, Georgia.[20]
- ^ In 1987, Executive Chef Jon Hill had a staff of three: Two sous-chefs and the White House Pastry Chef. Two additional sous-chefs were brought in to assist during state dinners.[42] When Walter Scheib assumed the position of Executive Chef in 1994, he had a staff of three: two sous-chefs and a dishwasher.[29] The staff had risen to five at the time of Comerford's appointment.[32]
Citations
edit- ^ Miller 2011, pp. 73–75.
- ^ Miller 2011, p. 75.
- ^ Perret 1997, p. 401.
- ^ Stephanie Friedman (July 5, 2024). "Ulysses S. Grant's Favorite Breakfast Was An Unusual Combination". Tasting Table.
- ^ Hoogenboom 2001, p. 144.
- ^ "The President's Table". Army and Navy Journal. July 26, 1884. p. 1065. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Smith 2007, p. 623.
- ^ "A Brief History of the White House Kitchen". Time. 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Miller, Adrian (June 3, 2014). "African American Cooks in the White House: Hiding in Plain Sight". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
- ^ Morgan 2003, p. 232.
- ^ "Chief Cook at White House Is Victim of Cupid". Berkeley Daily Gazette. December 29, 1919. p. 5. Retrieved September 13, 2016; "Wilson's Cook To Be Bride". The Washington Post. December 17, 1919. p. 10.
- ^ Henderson & Ganeshram 2011, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Allen 2000, p. 128.
- ^ Smith 2013, p. 713.
- ^ Shapiro, Laura (November 22, 2010). "The First Kitchen". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- ^ Burnes & Martin 2003, pp. 204–205.
- ^ Franklin 2014, p. 209, fn. 13.
- ^ McCardle, Dorothy (February 24, 1961). "Silence Goes on Gold Standard". The Washington Post. p. D4; McMillin, Fred (April 2001). "White House Gastronomy". Wayward Tendrils Quarterly: 31.
- ^ Whitcomb & Whitcomb 2002, p. 354.
- ^ Mullen, Holly (August 22, 1987). "What's Cooking in the White House? Ask Spokane Native". The Spokesman-Review. p. C4. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
- ^ Miller 2011, p. 76.
- ^ a b c d Vargas, Jose Antonio (August 22, 2005). "Hail to the Chef". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Brown, Emma (February 3, 2011). "Rene Verdon, White House chef for the Kennedys, dies at 86". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015; Grimes, William (February 5, 2011). "René Verdon, French Chef for the Kennedys, Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Henderson & Ganeshram 2011, p. 76.
- ^ Burros, Marian (June 7, 1987). "White House Chef to Leave in Fall". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ "New White House Chef Resigns Amid Rumors of Sub-Par Cuisine". United Press International. January 9, 1988. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Latvala, Charlotte (December 21, 1994). "From the White House to You". Beaver County Times. p. Weekly 1. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Burros, Marian (March 5, 1994). "High Calories (and Chef!) Out at White House". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ a b c Richman, Phyllis; Radcliffe, Donnie (March 26, 1994). "White House Picks Chef". The Washington Post. p. D1.
- ^ Grimes, William (June 22, 2015). "Walter Scheib, Innovative Former White House Chef, Is Dead at 61". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015; Tapper, Jake (June 9, 2006). "Former White House Chef Dishes on Presidential Families". ABC News. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Gebhart, Ann (February 4, 2005). "White House Chef Is Out In East Wing Social Shuffle". The Washington Post. p. C1.
- ^ a b Sagon, Candy (August 15, 2005). "Toque of the Town: White House Names 1st Female Executive Chef". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ a b c Flores, Nina M. (March 23, 2015). "Cristeta Comerford: The White House's First Woman Executive Chef". Ms. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet (June 3, 2015). "Michelle Obama makes the pitch for pollinators". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Evich, Helena Bottemiller (December 11, 2014). "The world's most powerful chef hangs up his apron". Politico. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Ingraham 2010, p. 78.
- ^ Severson, Kim; Burrosfeb, Marian (February 27, 2017). "Looking for a Trump Doctrine in the White House Kitchen". The New York Times.
- ^ TINA SFONDELES; ALEX THOMPSON. "Pity the White House chef". Politico.
- ^ "White House chef retires after nearly 30 years, 1st woman and 1st person of color to have the job". AP News. 2024-07-31. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
- ^ a b French 2010, p. 430.
- ^ a b "Former White House Executive Chef Walter Scheib found dead in New Mexico". Fox News. June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Miller, Bryan (August 22, 1987). "Home-Grown Chef Would Be a White House First". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ Brinkley 2013, p. 31.
- ^ Jensen, Derek. "White House Residence Ground Floor". The White House Museum. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
- ^ Tederick 2007, p. 10.
- ^ Preuschl, Sarah (April 2003). "Hail to the Chef". Indianapolis Monthly. p. 65.
- ^ Cross, Robert (February 4, 1988). "What The Big Boys Eat: Recollections of a White House Chef". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ "Pastry Kitchen". White House Museum.
- ^ Tederick 2007, p. 16.
- ^ Williamson, Elizabeth (February 26, 2011). "Cooking for the Commander in Chief". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
General bibliography
edit- Allen, Alice Beiser (2000). An Independent Woman: The Life of Lou Henry Hoover. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313314667.
- Brinkley, Howard (2013). White House Butlers: A History of White House Chief Ushers and Butlers. Lexington, Ky.: BookCaps. ISBN 9781489550231.
- Burnes, Brian; Martin, Donna (2003). Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times. Kansas City: Kansas City Star Books. ISBN 9780974000930.
- Franklin, Daniel P. (2014). Pitiful Giants: Presidents in Their Final Terms. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137410986.
- French, Mary (2010). United States Protocol: The Guide to Official Diplomatic Etiquette. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442203198.
- Henderson, Jeff; Ganeshram, Ramin (2011). America I Am: Pass It Down Cookbook. New York: Smiley Books. ISBN 9781401931353.
- Hoogenboom, Olive (2001). "Lucy Ware Webb Hayes". In Gould, Lewis L. (ed.). American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415930219.
- Ingraham, Laura (2010). The Obama Diaries. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439198445.
- Miller, Adrian (2011). "Presidential Cooks: Cooking Truth to Power". In Henderson, Jeff; Ganeshram, Ramin (eds.). America I Am: Pass It Down Cookbook. New York: Smiley Books. ISBN 9781401931353.
- Morgan, Howard Wayne (2003). William McKinley and His America. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873387651.
- Perret, Geoffrey (1997). Ulysses S. Grant: Soldier and President. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780679447665.
- Smith, Andrew F. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Cambridge, Mass.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195307962.
- Smith, Andrew F. (2013). Food and Drink in American History: A "Full Course" Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610692335.
- Tederick, Lydia Barker (Spring 2007). "A Look at the White House Kitchens" (PDF). White House History Journal: 10–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2015.
- Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire (2002). Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. Florence, Ky.: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415939515.
- Carmody, Vincent (2023). Kathy White House. Ireland: Poundlane Publications. ISBN 9781838242817.
Further reading
edit- Nesbitt, Henrieta (1948). White House Diary. New York: Doubleday.
- Rysavy, François; Leighton, Frances Spatz (1957). White House Chef. New York: Putnam.
- Scheib, Walter; Friedman, Andrew (2007). White House Chef: Eleven Years, Two Presidents, One Kitchen. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. ISBN 9780471798422.