Southern Lushootseed, also called Twulshootseed (txʷəlšucid) or Whulshootseed (xʷəlšucid) in the Muckleshoot and Snoqualmie dialects, is the southern dialect of Lushootseed, a Coast Salish language in western Washington State.[2] It was historically spoken by the Muckleshoot, Puyallup, Suquamish, Duwamish, Nisqually, and Squaxin Island tribes. The last native speaker was Ellen Williams (1923–2016) and her death rendered the language extinct.[3][4][5]
| Southern Lushootseed | |
|---|---|
| Twulshootseed, Whulshootseed | |
| |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Washington |
| Extinct | 4 January 2016, with the death of Ellen Williams[1] |
Salishan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | slh |
| Glottolog | sout2965 |
Whulshootseed is taught at the Muckleshoot Language Program of the Muckleshoot Tribal College in Auburn, Washington, at a local school, and by the Puyallup Tribal Language Program.[6][7][8] A 1999 video, Muckleshoot: a People and Their Language profiles the Muckleshoot Whulshootseed Language Preservation Project.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Southern Lushootseed at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Holly Taylor (2010-05-06). "Preserving the Lushootseed language for the next generation". Crosscut.com, News of the Great Nearby. Seattle, WA. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
- ^ Erik Lacitis (2005-02-08). "Last few Whulshootseed speakers spread the word". Seattle Times Newspaper. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
- ^ Lois Sweet Dorman (2005-06-21). "Lost in translation: a connection to the sacred". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ Johansen, Bruce E (2015). "Chapter 10, Muckleshoot language revival". Up from the ashes : nation building at Muckleshoot (First ed.). Seattle, WA: Seattle Publishing. pp. 244–251. ISBN 9780985776411.
- ^ "Muckleshoot Language Program". Muckleshoot Tribal College. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ Mary Ann Zehr (2010-07-14). "NCLB Seen Impeding Indigenous-Language Preservation". Education Week. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ "Puyallup Tribal Language Program". Puyallup Tribe of Indians. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
- ^ Scott Ross (Director) (1999). Muckleshoot: a People and Their Language. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
External links
edit- The Whulshootseed alphabet
- Placenames, Squaxin Island tribe
- Puyallup Tribal Language Program, Whulshootseed learning materials
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