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Wigtownshire

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Wigtownshire or the County of Wigtown (Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Bhaile na h-Ùige, Scots: Wigtounshire) is one of the historic counties of Scotland, covering an area in the south-west of the country. Until 1975, Wigtownshire was an administrative county used for local government. Since 1975 the area has formed part of Dumfries and Galloway for local government purposes. Wigtownshire continues to be used as a territory for land registration, being a registration county. The historic county is all within the slightly larger Wigtown Area, which is one of the lieutenancy areas of Scotland and was used in local government as the Wigtown District from 1975 to 1996.

Wigtownshire
Historic county
Location of Wigtownshire
CountryScotland
County townWigtown
Area
 • Total487 sq mi (1,261 km2)
 Ranked 18th of 34
Chapman code
WIG
Websitehttps://lordlt.dumgal.gov.uk/

Wigtownshire forms the western part of the medieval lordship of Galloway, which retained a degree of autonomy until it was fully absorbed by Scotland in the 13th century. In 1369, the part of Galloway east of the River Cree was placed under the control of a steward and so became known as the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. The rest of Galloway remained under the authority of a sheriff, and became known as the Shire of Wigtown, or Wigtownshire. The area was also sometimes called West Galloway (Scottish Gaelic: Gallobha-an-iar).[1] The county town was historically Wigtown, with the administrative centre moving to Stranraer, the largest town, following the creation of Wigtownshire County Council in 1890.

History

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The 11th-century ex-King of Dublin and Mann, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, had the title Rex Innarenn, "King of the Rhinns", attributed to him on his death in 1065 AD.[citation needed] The western sections of Galloway had been firmly aligned with the Isle of Man, and Norse and Gaelic-Norse settlement names from the 10th and 11th centuries are spread all along the coastal lands of south-western Scotland. These coastal lands became the sub-kingdom or semi-autonomous Lordship of Galloway. Following the death of Lord Alan of Galloway in 1234 the area was fully brought under the control of the Scottish crown. In 1369 Archibald the Grim, Earl of Douglas, was given the part of Galloway east of the River Cree, where he appointed a steward to administer the area, which became known as the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. The following year, he acquired the rest of Galloway west of the Cree, which continued to be administered by the king's sheriff, and so became known as the Shire of Wigtown. This led to the local custom of referring to Kirkcudbrightshire as "The Stewartry" and Wigtownshire as "The Shire", which continued into the 20th century.[2]

Most of Wigtownshire was still Gaelic-speaking at the beginning of the 16th century.[3]

 
Wigtown County Buildings, built 1863.

Elected county councils were established in Scotland in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. Wigtownshire County Council held its first meeting at Wigtown County Buildings in The Square at Wigtown on 22 May 1890, when it was decided to hold the council's annual meeting each May at Wigtown, but other meetings were to be held alternately at Stranraer and Newton Stewart.[4][5][6] The council later established its main offices at Ashwood House on Sun Street, Stranraer, close to the Sheriff Court on Lewis Street which was the council's meeting place when it met in Stranraer.[7][8][9]

 
Stranraer Sheriff Court, built 1874.

Wigtownshire was abolished as an administrative county in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. A two-tier system of regions and districts was put in place instead, with the area becoming part of the Dumfries and Galloway region and the Wigtown district. The Wigtown district covered all of the former administrative county of Wigtownshire plus the two parishes of Kirkmabreck and Minnigaff from neighbouring Kirkcudbrightshire.[10] Further local government reform in 1996 saw the Wigtown district abolished and its functions passed to Dumfries and Galloway Council, which continues to operate a Wigtown area committee for the pre-1996 Wigtown district.[11] The former Wigtown district is also used as a lieutenancy area.[12]

Geography

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Looking across the eastern part of Loch Ryan and over to Luce Bay. In the distance can also be seen the Isle of Man

Wigtownshire borders the Irish Sea to the west, the Solway Firth to the south, Ayrshire to the north, and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright (or Kidcudbrightshire) to the east. Across the sea to the west lies Northern Ireland and to the south the Isle of Man, both of which can be readily seen on a clear day. Together the Stewartry and Wigtownshire are referred to as Galloway.[13] The county is largely flat, with some low hills in the north, with Craigairie Fell being the county's tallest peak at a modest 322 m (1,056 ft). The western 'hammer-head' peninsula of Wigtownshire is known as Rhinns of Galloway,[14] and is split from the 'mainland' by Loch Ryan in the north and Luce Bay in the south; its northern tip is Milleur Point and its southern the Mull of Galloway, which is also the southernmost point in Scotland. Across Luce Bay lies the Machars peninsula, a roughly triangular-shaped land of low hills, separated from Kidcudbrightshire by Wigtown Bay, and culminating in Burrow Head. Machars contains a number of small lochs in its north, notably Dernaglar Loch, Whitefield Loch, Castle Loch and Mochrum Loch. The Scares, a group of very small rock-islands, lie in Luce Bay.

Transport

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Major road links to the area comprise the A77 to the north, and A75 to the east. The European route E18 starts in Northern Ireland and runs from Stranraer, Wigtownshire (A75) – Gretna (M6) – Carlisle (A69) to Newcastle. It then re-joins at Norway, goes through Sweden, Finland and ends at Saint Petersburg, Russia. Like all European routes, it is not signposted as such in the United Kingdom. The European Union is partly financing "The Stranraer and Loch Ryan Waterfront Project", at Inch.[15]

Ferries

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Ferry berthed at Cairnryan

The port at Cairnryan is Scotland's main embarkation point for ferries to Northern Ireland, with regular crossings to Larne and the Port of Belfast. These services formerly left from Stranraer.[16]

Railways

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Stranraer station connects the Glasgow South Western Line to Ayr, Paisley Gilmour Street and Glasgow Central as well as Kilmarnock.

The Beeching cuts cut off the Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway and Portpatrick Railway in 1965 resulting in an adverse mileage increase via the Glasgow South Western Line to reach Stranraer from Carlisle and the West Coast Main Line.

Proposed Irish Sea bridge

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Wigtownshire has been one of the mooted locations for a proposed bridge or tunnel linking Britain and Ireland.[17] A 2010 report by the Centre for Cross Border Studies estimated building a bridge from Galloway to Ulster would cost just under £20.5 billion.[18]

Archaeology

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In 2012 the University of Glasgow led a community archaeology project in Inch, between Stranraer and Cairnryan, including a geophysical survey of the area to the north of the motte at Innermessan. It is a site with a very long history – from the early mesolithic, about 10,000 years ago, to a medieval town, now disappeared, which in its time was more important than Stranraer.[19][20]

An unnamed detectorist found a gold lunula in a cultivated field near Garlieston, Sorbie in March 2011, the first Scottish gold lunula found in over 100 years. The lunula is a flat, crescent-shaped neck ornament thought to date from around 2300 – 2200 BC, and described by some archaeologists as a symbol of power. The gold sheet, probably hammered out from a bar, is very thin (0.15–0.5 mm (5.9–19.7 mils)) and decorated around its edges with incised and punched zigzags, lines and dots. It had been cut up and folded, and the two pieces do not join; together they amount to just under a third of the original collar. Initial surface analysis has shown that the metal contains 11% silver and 0.5% copper. Further analysis may indicate whether the lunula had been made of Irish or Scottish gold. Staff of Stranraer Museum and the Wigtownshire branch of the University of the Third Age walked the field looking for artefacts. Test pits were dug and Historic Scotland commissioned a geophysical survey. No more metalwork was found, nor any evidence for why the lunula might have been buried there.[21][22]

From Glenluce Sands there have been recovered "more objects of antiquity than from any area of similar extent in Scotland". The relics range from neolithic to mediaeval times.[23]

The fields between the mound and Dunragit village and Droughduil Mote, Old Luce, Wigtownshire, contain "one of the most important Stone Age sites in Scotland".[24] Aerial photography and archaeological excavation of the henge has revealed the remains of three massive concentric timber circles; the outer circle was 300 metres (980 ft) in diameter, almost six times the size of Stonehenge. Built c. 2500 BC, this huge monument was a ceremonial centre and a meeting place for south-west Scotland's early farming communities.[25] Funding for the dig was provided by Historic Scotland and the University of Southampton. The staff at Stranraer Museum assisted with computing and communications facilities and access to collections.

Civil parishes

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Civil parishes within Wigtownshire from c. 1650 onwards (not including Stranraer)

Wigtownshire was divided into civil parishes:

The civil parish of Stranraer was created out of parts of Leswalt and Inch parishes in 1622.[26] The parish of Glenluce was split into the parishes of New Luce and Old Luce in 1646.[27]

Other parishes became defunct at earlier dates:

  • Clayshant and Toskarton/Kirkmadrine: merged into Stoneykirk in 1618[28]
  • Cruggleton and Eggerness: merged into Sorbie in 1635[29]
  • Longcastle: merged into Kirkinner in 1650[30]
  • Soulseat: merged into Inch c. 1650[31]

Towns and villages

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Castle of St John, Stranraer
 
Torhousekie Stone Circle
 
Stranraer Museum

Places of interest

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Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ "Wigtownshire" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911.
  2. ^ Learmonth, William (1920). Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  3. ^ W. L. Lorimer, "The Persistence of Gaelic in Galloway and Carrick", in Scottish Gaelic Studies, VI.2 (1949), pp. 114–136
  4. ^ "County Meetings". Galloway Gazette. Newton Stewart. 24 May 1890. p. 3. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  5. ^ "Wigtown County Buildings". Future Museum. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  6. ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Wigtown Town Hall (Former Wigtown Sheriff Court), The Square, Wigtown (LB42439)". Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  7. ^ "No. 14265". The Edinburgh Gazette. 7 September 1926. p. 1006.
  8. ^ "No. 19104". The Edinburgh Gazette. 6 June 1972. p. 499.
  9. ^ "Stranraer Sheriff Court and Justice of the Peace Court, including war memorial, gatepiers and boundary walls, Lewis Street, Stranraer". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  10. ^ "Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1973 c. 65, retrieved 22 November 2022
  11. ^ "Wigtown Area Committee". Dumfries and Galloway Council. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  12. ^ "The Lord-Lieutenants (Scotland) Order 1996", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1996/731, retrieved 25 November 2022
  13. ^ "The Statistical Accounts of Scotland". Stat-acc-scot.edina.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  14. ^ "Home - Mull of Galloway". Mull of Galloway.
  15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "Stranraer harbour bids farewell to ferries". BBC News. 18 November 2011.
  17. ^ "Bridge to Northern Ireland mooted". BBC News. 22 August 2007.
  18. ^ "Could a bridge or tunnel one day link Scotland with Ireland?". The Scotsman. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  19. ^ "What is geophysical survey | Discovering Dumfries and Galloway's Past". Discoveringdgpast.wordpress.com. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  20. ^ "Wigtownshire U3A". Wigtownshire U3A. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  21. ^ "News: British Archaeology 120, September / October 2011". Archaeologyuk.org. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  22. ^ "Wigtownshire U3A". Wigtownshire U3A. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  23. ^ "Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire". Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  24. ^ "dunragit (The University of Manchester)". Arts.manchester.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  25. ^ "Dumfries and Galloway Excavations: Home Page". Orgs.man.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  26. ^ GENUKI. "Genuki: Stranraer, Wigtownshire". www.genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  27. ^ GENUKI. "Genuki: New Luce, Wigtownshire". www.genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  28. ^ "Wigtownshire Pages: Sorbie parish info". sites.rootsweb.com. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  29. ^ "Saints in Scottish Place-Names - Cruggleton, former parish, Sorbie". saintsplaces.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  30. ^ GENUKI. "Genuki: Kirkinner, Wigtownshire". www.genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  31. ^ "History of Soulseat, in Dumfries and Galloway and Wigtownshire | Map and description". Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  32. ^ "Castle of St John Visitor Centre". Museumsgalleriesscotland.org.uk. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  33. ^ "History of the Lands and Their Owners in Galloway. With Historical Sketches of the District". Retrieved 18 June 2014.
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Wigtownshire".
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wigtownshire.

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