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This page documents published peer-reviewed research on gender gaps within Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons. Most of the research is related to English Wikipedia's content gender gap, but not all.

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Peer-reviewed research

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2024

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  1. Hrivaa, Lea; Coscia, Michele (14 June 2024). "Traces of Unequal Entry Requirement for Illustrious People on Wikipedia Based on their Gender". Advances in Complex Systems. 27 (3). Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  2. Venus, Nicole (14 August 2024). "The Representation of Female Economists on Wikipedia". SSRN. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  3. Patel, Hrishikesh; Chen, Tianwa; Bongiovanni, Ivano; Demartini, Gianluca (17 January 2024). "Estimating Gender Completeness in Wikipedia". Computers and Society. arXiv:2401.08993. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  4. Perkins, Tracy; Hussein, Sophia; Trent, Mariam; Davis, Lundyn (16 January 2024). "Wikipedia and the Outsider Within: Black Feminism and Social Inequality in Knowledge Sharing". Civic Sociology. 5 (1). Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  5. Guilbeault, Doughlas; Delacourt, Solène; Tasker Hull, Bhargav; Bhargav, Srinivasa Desikan; Chu, Mark; Nadler, Ethan (14 February 2024). "Online images amplify gender bias". Nature. 626. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  6. Venus, Nicole (9 January 2024). "The Representation of Female Economists on Wikipedia". Available from SSRN. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

2023

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  1. XOR'easter; Bayer, Tilman (8 May 2023). "Recent research/Gender, race and notability in deletion discussions". Wikipedia Signpost.
  2. Ford, Heather; Pietsch, Tamson; Tall, Kelly (29 October 2023). "Gender and the invisibility of care on Wikipedia". Big Data & Society. 10 (2).
  3. Smimov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 2023). "Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia". PNAS Nexus. 2 (12): 385–. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus. ISSN 2752-6542.
  4. Zheng, Xiang; Chen, Jiajing; Yan, Erjia; Ni, Chaoqun (February 2023). "Gender and country biases in Wikipedia citations to scholarly publications". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 74 (2): 219–233. doi:10.1002/asi.24723. ISSN 2330-1635. S2CID 253379599.
  5. Arnaout, Hiba; Razniewski, Simon; Pan, Jeff Z. (2 June 2023). "Wiki-based Communities of Interest: Demographics and Outliers". Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. 17: 990–996. arXiv:2303.09189. doi:10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22206.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. Conroy, Melanie (11 May 2023). "Quantifying the Gap: The Gender Gap in French Writers' Wikidata". Journal of Cultural Analytics. 8 (2). doi:10.22148/001c.74068. S2CID 258652988.
  7. Lemieux, Mackenzie Emily; Zhang, Rebecca; Tripodi, Francesca (29 March 2023). ""Too Soon" to count? How gender and race cloud notability considerations on Wikipedia". Big Data & Society. 10. doi:10.1177/20539517231165490. S2CID 257861139.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Zheng, Xiang; Chen, Jiajing; Yan, Erjia; Ni, Chaoqun (February 2023). "Gender and country biases in Wikipedia citations to scholarly publications". JASIST. 74 (2): 219–233. doi:10.1002/asi.24723. S2CID 253379599.
  9. Venus, Nicole (14 August 2023). "The Representation of Female Economists on Wikipedia". SSRN 4540744.

2022

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  1. Meyer, Christine (May 2022). "'If You Want to Change the World, Edit Wikipedia': Mitigating the Gender Gap and Systemic Bias on Wikipedia". University of Idaho. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  2. Fan, Angela; Gardent, Claire (30 March 2022). "Generating Full Length Wikipedia Biographies: The Impact of Gender Bias on the Retrieval-Based Generation of Women Biographies" (PDF). ACL. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  3. Oldach, Laurel (8 March 2022). "What's with Wikipedia and women?". ASBMBTODAY. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  4. Langrock, Isabelle; González-Bailón, Sandra (June 2022). "The Gender Divide in Wikipedia: Quantifying and Assessing the Impact of Two Feminist Interventions". Journal of Communication. 72 (3): 297–321. doi:10.1093/joc/jqac004.
  5. Beytía, Pablo; Wagner, Claudia (22 March 2022). "Visibility layers: a framework for systematising the gender gap in Wikipedia content". Internet Policy Review. 11 (1). doi:10.14763/2022.1.1621.
  6. Gupta, Sneh; Trehan, Kulveen (2022). "Twitter reacts to absence of women on Wikipedia: a mixed-methods analysis of #VisibleWikiWomen campaign". Media Asia. 49 (2): 130–154. doi:10.1080/01296612.2021.2003100. S2CID 245065502.
  7. Chakraborty, Anwesha; Hussain, Netha (7 March 2022). "Documenting the gender gap in Indian Wikipedia communities: Findings from a qualitative pilot study". First Monday. 27 (3). doi:10.5210/fm.v27i3.11443.

2021

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  1. Bayer, Tilman (25 July 2021). "Recent research/Gender bias and statistical fallacies, disinformation and mutual intelligibility". Wikipedia Signpost. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  2. Beytía, Pablo; Agarwal, Pushkal; Redi, Miriam; Singh, Vivek K. (December 2021). "Visual Gender Biases in Wikipedia: A Systematic Evaluation across the Ten Most Spoken Languages" (Preprint). SocArXiv. doi:10.31235/osf.io/59rey. S2CID 244806764. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  3. Zhang, Charles Chuankai; Terveen, Loren (15 October 2021). "Quantifying the Gap: A Case Study of Wikidata Gender Disparities". 17th International Symposium on Open Collaboration. ACM Digital Library. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1145/3479986.3479992. ISBN 9781450385008. S2CID 238992534. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  4. Ferran-Ferrer, Núria; Castellanos-Pineda, Patricia; Minguillón, Julià; Meneses, Julio (September 6, 2021). "The gender gap on the Spanish Wikipedia: Listening to the voices of women editors". El Profesional de la Información. 30 (5). doi:10.3145/epi.2021.sep.16. S2CID 241442991. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  5. Tripodi, Francesca (27 June 2021). "Ms. Categorized: Gender, notability, and inequality on Wikipedia". New Media & Society. 25 (7): 1687–1707. doi:10.1177/14614448211023772. S2CID 237883867.
  6. Berson, Amber; Sengul-Jones, Monika; Tamani, Melissa (June 2021). "Unreliable Guidelines: Reliable Sources and Marginalized Communities in French, English and Spanish Wikipedias" (PDF). Art+Feminism.
  7. Klein, Maximilian (15 March 2021). "Humaniki March Update: Public Launch of Alpha Release". Wikimedia. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Humaniki provides a wide variety of gender gap statistics based on Wikidata.
  8. Minguillón, Julià; Mesneses, Julio; Aibar, Eduard; Ferran-Ferrer, Núria (23 February 2021). "Exploring the gender gap in the Spanish Wikipedia: Differences in engagement and editing practices". PLOS ONE. 16 (2): e0246702. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1646702M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246702. PMC 7901774. PMID 33621229.
  9. Sun, Jiao; Peng, Nanyun (2021). Men Are Elected, Women Are Married: Events Gender Bias on Wikipedia (PDF). ACL. arXiv:2106.01601. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  10. Lir, Shlomit Aharoni (2021). "Strangers in a seemingly open-to-all website: the gender bias in Wikipedia". Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. 40 (7): 801–818. doi:10.1108/EDI-10-2018-0198. S2CID 214364954.
  11. Falenska, Agnieszka; Çetinoglu, Özlem (2021). Assessing Gender Bias in Wikipedia: Inequalities in Article Titles (PDF). ACL. pp. 75–85. Retrieved 4 September 2023.

2020

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  1. Johnson, Isaac; Lemmerich, Florian; Sáez-Trumper, Diego; Strohmaier, Markus; West, Robert; Zia, Leila (20 July 2020). "Global gender differences in Wikipedia readership". arXiv:2007.10403 [cs.CY].
  2. Gerlach, Martin (June 2020). "Metrics for quantifying the gender content gap". Wikimedia. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  3. Schmahl, Katja Geertruida; Viering, Tom Julian; Makrodimitris1, Stavros; Naseri Jahfari, Arman; Tax, David M. J.; Loog, Marco (2020). Is Wikipedia succeeding in reducing gender bias? Assessing changes in gender bias in Wikipedia using word embeddings (PDF). ALC. doi:10.18653/v1/2020.nlpcss-1.11. S2CID 226283827. Retrieved 4 September 2023.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. Young, Amber G; Wigdor, Ariel D.; Kane, Gerald C. (2020). "The Gender Bias Tug-of-War in a Co-creation Community: Core-Periphery Tension on Wikipedia". Journal of Management Information Systems. 37 (4): 1047=1072. doi:10.1080/07421222.2020.1831773. S2CID 227240954.
  5. Bolón Brun, Natalie; Kypraiou, Sofia; Gullón Altés, Natalia; Petlacalco Barrios, Irene (April 2020). Wikigender: A Machine Learning Model to Detect Gender Bias in Wikipedia (PDF). Wiki Workshop 2020. arXiv:2211.07520. Retrieved 4 September 2023.

2019

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  1. Schellekens, Menno; Holstege, Floris; Yasseri, Taha (12 April 2019). "Female scholars need to achieve more for equal public recognition". arXiv:1904.06310 [cs.DL].
  2. Menking, Amanda; Erickson, Ingrid; Pratt, Wanda (9 May 2019). "People Who Can Take It: How Women Wikipedians Negotiate and Navigate Safety in Proceedings of CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings (CHI 2019)". ACM, New York. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  3. Adams, Julia; Bruckner, Hannah; Naslund, Cambria (2019). "Who Counts as a Notable Sociologist on Wikipedia? Gender, Race, and the "Professor Test"". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 5: 1–14. doi:10.1177/2378023118823946.

2018

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  1. Cabrera, Benjamin; Ross, Björn; Dado, Marielle; Heisel, Maritta (15 June 2018). "The Gender Gap in Wikipedia Talk Pages". Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. 12 (1). doi:10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.15053. ISSN 2334-0770. S2CID 49414503. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  2. Björn Ross, Marielle Dado, Maritta Heisel, Benjamin Cabrera, Gender Markers in Wikipedia Usernames, Wiki Workshop, April 2018, Lyon, France
  3. Luo, Wei; Adams, Julia; Brueckner, Hannah (2018). "The Ladies Vanish? American Sociology and the Genealogy of its Missing Women on Wikipedia". Comparative Sociology. 17 (5): 519–556. doi:10.1163/15691330-12341471.

2017

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  1. Vitulli, Marie A. (20 October 2017). "Writing Women in Mathematics into Wikipedia". arXiv:1710.11103v3 [math.HO].
  2. Hube, Christoph (3 April 2017). "Bias in Wikipedia" (PDF). Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion - WWW '17 Companion. Semantic Scholar. pp. 717–721. doi:10.1145/3041021.3053375. ISBN 9781450349147. S2CID 10472970. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  3. Ford, Heather; Wajcman, Judy (1 August 2017). "'Anyone can edit' not everyone does: Wikipedia and the gender gap". Social Studies of Science : SSS : An International Review of Research in the Social Dimensions of Science and Technology. 47 (4). Social Studies of Science (via LSE). doi:10.1177/0306312717692172. ISSN 0306-3127. PMID 28791929. S2CID 32835293. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  4. Hinnosaar, Marit (May 2015). "Gender Inequality in New Media: Evidence from Wikipedia". Carlo Alberto Notebooks. EconPapers. ISSN 2279-9362. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  5. Zagovora, Olga; Flöck, Fabian; Wagner, Claudia (2017). ""(Weitergeleitet von Journalistin)": The Gendered Presentation of Professions on Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Web Science Conference. pp. 83–92. arXiv:1706.03848. doi:10.1145/3091478.3091488. ISBN 9781450348966. S2CID 11059274.
  6. AKKI, Amine; EL HAREM, Hicham; EL MAHFOUDI, Saad; IRHBOULA, Anas (19 July 2017). "La guerre contre les guerres d'édition dans Wikipedia – Data Science IMT Atlantique" (in French). Data Science IMT Atlantique. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

2016

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  1. Klein, Maximilian; et al. (2016). "Monitoring the Gender Gap with Wikidata Human Gender Indicators" (PDF). Berlin: OpenSym. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 1 September 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  2. Wagner, Claudia; Graells-Garrido, Eduardo; Garcia, David; Menczer, Filippo (1 March 2016). "Women through the glass ceiling: gender asymmetries in Wikipedia". EPJ Data Science. 5. arXiv:1601.04890. doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0066-4. S2CID 1769950.
  3. Young, Amber; Wigdor, Ari; Kane, Gerald C. (December 2016). "It's Not What You Think: Gender Bias in Information about Fortune 1000 CEOs on Wikipedia". International Conference for Information Systems, Dublin. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  4. Nicolaes, Feli (2016). "Gender Bias on Wikipedia. An analysis of the affiliation network". scripties.uba.uva.nl. Scripties - Bibliotheek - Universiteit van Amsterdam. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  5. Jemielniak, Dariusz (2016). "breaking the glass ceiling on Wikipedia". Feminist Review. 113 (113): 103–108. doi:10.1057/fr.2016.9. JSTOR 44987268. S2CID 73656903.

2015

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  1. Klein, Maximilian (2 December 2015). "Wikipedia Gender Indicators (WIGI)". WMF labs. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  2. Graells-Garrido, Eduardo; Lalmas, Mounia; Menczer, Filippo (2 June 2015). "First Women, Second Sex: Gender Bias in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Hypertext & Social Media. p. 165. arXiv:1502.02341. doi:10.1145/2700171.2791036. ISBN 978-1-4503-3395-5. S2CID 1082360. (Important finding: an analysis of the DBPedia Wikipedia subset shows that 15% of biographies are of women.)
  3. Klein, Maximilian; Konieczny, Piotr (2015). "Gender Gap Through Time and Space: A Journey Through Wikipedia Biographies and the "WIGI" Index". arXiv:1502.03086 [cs.CY]. (Interesting study, currently under peer review)
  4. Wagner, Claudia; Garcia, David; Jadidi, Mohsen; Strohmaier, Markus (23 March 2015). "It's a Man's Wikipedia? Assessing Gender Inequality in an Online Encyclopedia". arXiv:1501.06307 [cs.CY].
  5. Wilson, Jason (10 February 2015). "Are misogynists running Wikipedia?". Overland.
  6. Helgeson, Björn (2015). The Swedish Wikipedia Gender Gap (PDF) (MSc). KTH. Retrieved 4 September 2023.

2014

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  1. Bourdeloie, Hélène; Vicente, Michaël (2014). "Contributing to Wikipedia: A Question of Gender". In Fichman, Pnina; Hara, Noriko (eds.). Global Wikipedia: International and Cross-Cultural Issues in Online Collaboration. Lanham: Rowman et Littlefield.
  2. Hargittai, Eszter; Shaw, Aaron (4 November 2014). "Mind the skills gap: the role of Internet know-how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia". Information, Communication & Society. 18 (4): 424–442. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.957711. S2CID 143468397.
  3. Massa, Paolo; Zelenkauskaite, Asta (2014). "Gender Gap in Wikipedia Editing: A Cross Language Comparison" (PDF). In Fichman, Pnina; Hara, Noriko (eds.). Global Wikipedia: International and Cross-Cultural Issues in Online Collaboration. Lanham: Rowman et Littlefield. pp. 85–96.

2013

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  1. Hill, Benjamin Mako; Shaw, Aaron (26 June 2013). "The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e65782. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865782H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065782. PMC 3694126. PMID 23840366.
  2. Ridge, Mia (2013). "New Challenges in Digital History: Sharing Women's History on Wikipedia". Women's History in the Digital World. Retrieved 4 September 2023.

2011

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  1. Reagle, Joseph; Rhue, Lauren (2011). "Gender Bias in Wikipedia and Britannica". International Journal of Communication. 5. Joseph Reagle & Lauren Rhue: 1138–1158. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  2. Gardner, Sue (20 February 2011). "Nine Reasons Women Don't Edit Wikipedia (in their own words)". suegardner.org.

See also

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