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William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper

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William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper, PC, KC, FRS (/ˈkuːpər/ KOO-pər; c. 1665 – 10 October 1723) was an English politician who became the first Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. Cowper was the son of Sir William Cowper, 2nd Baronet, of Ratling Court, Kent, a Whig member of parliament of some mark in the two last Stuart reigns.

The Right Honourable
The Earl Cowper
PC KC FRS
Portrait by Jonathan Richardson
Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
Lord High Steward for the trials of:
List
In office
4 May 1707 – 23 September 1710
MonarchAnne
Preceded byHimself (as Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England)
Succeeded byIn Commission
In office
21 September 1714 – 15 April 1718
Monarchs
Preceded byThe Lord Harcourt
Succeeded byIn Commission
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England
In office
11 October 1705 – 4 May 1707
MonarchAnne
Preceded bySir Nathan Wright
Succeeded byHimself (as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain)
Personal details
Bornc. 1665
Died10 October 1723
Panshanger, Hertfordshire
Great Britain
Children
Parents
Relatives
The Earl Cowper.

Career and titles

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Cowper was educated at St Albans School in Hertfordshire, and was later to acquire a country estate in the county and represent the county town in Parliament. He was admitted to Middle Temple on 18 March 1681/82, was called to the bar on 25 May 1688, and built up a large practice. He gave his allegiance to the Prince of Orange on his landing in England in 1688, and was made King's Counsel and recorder of Colchester in 1694.

Cowper had the reputation of being one of the most effective parliamentary orators of his generation. He lost his seat in parliament in 1702 owing to the unpopularity caused by the trial of his brother Spencer Cowper on a charge of murder.[1]

Lord Keeper of the Great Seal

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On 11 October 1705 he was sworn to the Privy Council,[2] was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, and took his seat on the woolsack without a peerage. In the following year he conducted the negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners for arranging the union with Scotland. In November of that year he succeeded to his father's baronetcy, and on 14 December 1706, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cowper of Wingham, Kent.[1] He was the youngest Lord Keeper for many years: the Queen, who had taken a great liking to him, joked that "she had given the Seals to a boy" and suggested that in future he should wear a wig to lend him gravity.[3]

Lord High Chancellor

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When the union with Scotland came into operation in May 1707 the Queen in Council named Cowper Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, he being the first to hold this office. He presided at the trial of Dr Sacheverell in 1710, but resigned the seal when Harley and Bolingbroke took office in the same year.[1] Queen Anne, who had high regard for him, "begged him with tears in her eyes" not to resign,[4] and though she was reluctantly persuaded to accept his resignation, continued to consult him unofficially for the remainder of her reign.[5] On the death of Queen Anne, George I appointed Cowper one of the Lords Justice for governing the country during the king's absence, and a few weeks later he again became Lord Chancellor.[1]

Lord High Steward

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A paper which Cowper drew up for the guidance of the new king on constitutional matters, entitled An Impartial History of Parties, marks the advance of English opinion towards party government in the modern sense. It was published by Lord Campbell in his Lives of the Lord Chancellors. Cowper supported the impeachment of Lord Oxford for high treason in 1715, and in 1716 presided as Lord High Steward at the trials of the peers charged with complicity in the Jacobite rising, his sentences on whom have been censured as unnecessarily severe. He warmly supported the Septennial Bill in the same year.[1]

Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper

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On 18 March 1718 he was created Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper, and a month later he resigned office on the plea of ill-health, but probably in reality because George I accused him of espousing the Prince of Wales's side in the prince's quarrel with the king. Taking the lead against his former colleagues, Cowper opposed the proposed Peerage Bill brought forward in 1719 to limit the number of peers, and also opposed the bill of attainder against Atterbury in 1723. Cowper was not a great lawyer, but Burnet says that he managed the Court of Chancery with impartial justice and great despatch; the most eminent of his contemporaries agreed in extolling his oratory and his virtues.[1] It is notable that Queen Anne, despite her prejudice against the Whigs in general, came to have great respect and liking for Cowper, and continued to seek his advice even after he left office as Lord Chancellor.

Trial of Spencer Cowper

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His younger brother, Spencer Cowper (1669–1728), was tried for the murder of Sarah Stout in 1699, but was acquitted; the lady, who had allegedly fallen in love with Cowper, having committed suicide on account of his inattention—at least according to Cowper's lawyers. Spencer was one of the managers of the impeachment of Henry Sacheverell, was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales (1714), Chief Justice of Chester (1717), and Judge of the Common Pleas (1727). He was great uncle of William Cowper, the poet.[1]

Personal life

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Marriages

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William Cowper was twice married: first, in about 1686, to Judith, daughter and heiress of Sir Robert Booth, a London merchant; and secondly, in 1706, to Mary, daughter of John Clavering, of Chopwell, Durham. The latter marriage seems to have been based on Cowper's admiration of her beauty although he demanded to see her undressed before the wedding.[6] The 1st Earl left two sons and two daughters by his second wife:

Mistress

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Elizabeth Culling was the mistress of William Cowper, and bore him two children. She was the daughter of John Culling of Hertingfordbury Park, who died in 1687/8, and was buried in St Helen's, Bishopsgate. Her brother John died in January 1702/3 without issue, and Elizabeth inherited the estate. She died on 27 November 1703, and was buried at Hertingfordbury. Of her children, William, born on 14 November 1697, died in Paris on 31 October 1719. Mary, born on 10 September 1700, lived to maturity, and married one Robert Isaacson.

Tory writers satirised Lord Cowper as a bigamist. In The New Atalantis by Delarivier Manley, the married Hernando eloquently persuades an impressionable young woman that double marriage is lawful, seducing her with a sham marriage ceremony.[7] Jonathan Swift referred to Cowper as "Will Bigamy".[8] In his diary, Thomas Hearne recorded that Cowper was "well known to have had two wives at a time".[9] The rumours may have gained traction because Elizabeth Culling was of a station in life that perhaps would, in other circumstances, have led to her becoming Cowper's wife, rather than his mistress. In her will, she acknowledges that the children are her natural children, and the children were also acknowledged by Lord Cowper and his second wife, as will be seen from the correspondence.[10]

Later years and death

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In his last years Cowper was accused, but probably without reason, of active sympathy with the Jacobites. He died at his residence, Cole Green near Panshanger in Hertfordshire on 10 October 1723. Mary, who was devastated by his death, outlived him by only a few months.[1]

Relatives

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Arms

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Coat of arms of William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper
 
 
Crest
A lion's jamb erased Or holding a cherry branch Vert fructed Gules.
Escutcheon
Argent three martlets Gules on a chief engrailed of the last three annulets Or.
Supporters
Two dun horses close cropped (except a tuft on the withers) and docked a large blaze down the face a black list down the back and three white feet viz both hind and the near fore foot.
Motto
Tuum Est (It Is Thine) [12]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cowper, William Cowper, 1st Earl". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 348–349.
  2. ^ "Privy Counsellors 1679 – 1835". leighrayment.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ Gregg, Edward Queen Anne Yale University Press 2001 p. 206
  4. ^ Gregg, p.323
  5. ^ Gregg p.331
  6. ^ William Cowper, History of Parliament, Retrieved 12 February 2017
  7. ^ Manley, Delarivier (1709). Secret Memoirs and Manners of Several Persons of Quality, of both Sexes, From The New Atalantis. pp. 218–229. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  8. ^ Swift, Jonathan (1710). The Examiner, No. 17  – via Wikisource.
  9. ^ Bliss, Philip, ed. (1869) [1705]. Reliquiae Hearnianae: The Remains Of Thomas Hearne. Vol. 1. John Russell Smith. p. 43. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  10. ^ National Archives
  11. ^ Gittings, Clare (January 1997). "The hell of living: Reflections on death in the diary of Sarah, Lady Cowper, 1700–1716". Mortality. 2 (1): 26. doi:10.1080/713685853.
  12. ^ Debrett's Peerage. 1869.

References

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  • Private Diary of Earl Cowper, edited by E. C. Hawtrey for the Roxburghe Club (Eton, 1833)
  • The Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper, edited by the Hon. Spencer Cowper (London, 1864)
  • Lord Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal (8 vols, London, 1845–1869)
  • Edward Foss, The Judges of England (9 vols, London, 1848–1864)
  • Gilbert Burnet, History of his Own Time (6 vols, Oxford, 1833)
  • T. B. Howell, State Trials, vols xii–xv. (33 vols, London, 1809–1828)
  • George E. Cokayne, Complete Peerage (London, 1889).[volume & issue needed][pages needed]
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Parliament of England
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Hertford
1695–1701
With: Sir William Cowper, Bt 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Bere Alston
1701–1705
With: Sir Peter King 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
1705–1707 		Succeeded by
Himself
as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
Preceded by
Himself
as Lord Keeper 		Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
1707–1710 		In commission
Title next held by
The Lord Harcourt
as Lord Keeper
Preceded by
In Commission
 Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
1714–1718 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire
1710–1712 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire
1715–1722 		Succeeded by
Peerage of Great Britain
New creation Earl Cowper
1718–1723 		Succeeded by
Peerage of England
New creation Baron Cowper
1706–1723 		Succeeded by
Baronetage of England
Preceded by Baronet
(of Ratlingcourt) 
1706–1723 		Succeeded by
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