Sir William Honyman, 1st Baronet (December 1756 – 5 June 1835), also known by his judicial title Lord Armadale, was a Scottish landowner, and judge from Orkney. On his lands in Sutherland he was one of the first landlords to evict tenants in order to create sheep farms, a process which grew to become the Highland Clearances.
He used his political power in Orkney to return as Member of Parliament (MP) for Orkney and Shetland first his brother Robert, then his son Robert, and finally a younger son Richard.
Early life
editHis father, Patrick Honyman of Graemsay, was a great-grandson of Andrew Honyman, a 17th-century Bishop of Orkney.[1] The family claimed maternal descent from Sir Robert Stewart, an illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland.[2]
His mother Margaret MacKay, was the elder daughter of Captain. John MacKay, 5th Laird of Strathy (died 1783) and descendant of John MacKay, 2nd Lord Reay & 15th Chief of Clan MacKay (c1612-80)
Legal career
editHonyman was called to the bar in 1777,[3] and became Sheriff-Depute of Lanarkshire in July 1786.[3] As Sheriff, he was involved in the investigations into the political reformer Thomas Muir of Huntershill, interrogating potential witnesses for Muir's show trial on a charge of sedition before the Lord Justice Clerk (Scotland's most senior judge) Lord Braxfield,[4] who was also Honyman's father-in-law.[1]
Muir's admission to the Faculty of Advocates and his appointment as Sheriff were both aided by the support of Sir Lawrence Dundas, who had bought the earldom of Orkney and lordship of Zetland from James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton and become known as the "Dundas of Kerse". In the 1770s, the Honymans supported Dundas and his son Colonel Thomas Dundas, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Orkney and Shetland in the 1770s.[5]
In February 1797 he was appointed as a judge in succession to Lord Dreghorn.[3] He joined the Lords of Justiciary in June 1799 after the promotion of Lord Eskgrove, and in 1804 was made a baronet, taking the territorial designation of Armadale, after his lands on the north coast of Sutherland. He resigned from his judicial posts in 1811 and retired to Smyllum Park, his estate in Lanarkshire.[1]
Orkney
editDespite his judicial career, Honyman actively excised his political strength in Orkney. The Kerse control of Scottish parliamentary seats was being challenged by Henry Dundas (later Lord Melville), and in the 1780s the Honymans transferred their support to Henry Dundas. In 1790, William Honyman helped secure the election in Orkney of John Balfour, who defeated Sir Lawrence's son Thomas in a contested election.[5][6]
By the 1796 election, Honyman hoped that his son Robert, then only 15 years old, would take the seat when he was old enough. After prolonged negotiations with Balfour, Honyman installed his half-brother Commander Robert to keep it in the family until young Robert was eligible.[5][6]
Despite growing challenges to Honyman's hegemony, young Robert (by now a 25-year-old Major in the 93rd Foot) was returned for Orkney in 1806. However, shortly after his election the new MP was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in the 18th Foot, and never voted or spoke in the House of Commons. By the 1807 election, Honyman supported the election of his rival Malcolm Laing. Laing's health declined, and at the 1812 election Honyman's rivals divided, allowing the election of Honyman's younger son Richard (Robert having died of fever in Jamaica in 1808). However, his rivals met in February 1818 and agreed to combine against the Honymans. Thereafter, the Orkney seat was alternated between the Balfour, Dundas and Laing families.[6]
He also had some influence in the Parliamentary Burgh of Kirkwall, albeit less than Laing.[7]
Sutherland
editIn 1790 Honyman purchased lands at Strathy on the north coast of Sutherland from his maternal grandfather Captain John Mackay.[8] The estate included Armadale, which Honyman later took as his judicial title.
Honyman was one of the first landlords in the north of Scotland to recognise the higher returns available from sheep farming, and became one of the pioneers of the Highland Clearances in which the people were driven off their land.[9] Honyman divided his estate into three, and by 1800 he had cleared the people from the valley of Armadale to a new coastal settlement, establishing a new Armadale Sheep Farm on an area 6 miles by 4. The estate was sold in 1813 to the Marquess of Stafford (later 1st Duke of Sutherland), who continued the clearance.[8]
West Lothian
editAlso in 1790, Honyman purchased lands at Barbauchlaw in West Lothian, which he renamed Armadale.[10]
Family
editIn 1777 Honyman married Mary McQueen, the daughter of Lord Braxfield,[11] by whom he had at least five sons and four daughters.[1][11] The two oldest sons joined the British Army, Patrick serving in the 28th Light Dragoons, and Robert becoming a Lieutenant colonel of the 18th Regiment of Foot.[1]
In 1820, John Wade's The Black Book: Or, Corruption Unmasked collated data on pensions paid out of the civil list of England and the heritable revenue of Scotland. Wade revealed that in Sir William's pensions as a retired amounted judge of £1,800 per annum (equivalent to £182,000 in 2024[12]).[13] This sum was revised by the 1831 edition of Wade's book to £1,950, when Wade noted that Lady Mary Honyman had in February 1814 been awarded a pension of £137 per year, followed in June 1815 by further pensions of £37 for each of their for daughters: Mary, Catherine, Margaret and Jemima.[14][15]
Wade singled out the Honymans for special criticism. He noted that the family "possessed a considerable estate ... how they came to be chargeable on the civil list is most extraordinary."[14] The Scottish Reformers Gazette said "we can only account for their appearance here, by recollecting that Sir William Honyman, in 1793, then Mr Honyman, Sheriff of Lanarkshire, was the most active in hunting for evidence against Thomas Muir of Huntershill".[16]
Arms
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References
edit- ^ a b c d e Kay, John (1877). Kay's Originals: A series of original portraits and character etvchings by the late John Kay. Vol. II (new ed.). Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black. pp. 162–3.
- ^ "Obituaries: Sir Ord Honeyman". The Gentleman's Magazine. March 1863. p. 394. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Brunton, George; Haig, David; Lockhart, James S. (1836). "An Historical Account of the Senators of the College of Justice, From Its Institution in MDXXXII". Edinburgh: The Edinburgh Printing Company. p. 543.
- ^ Mackenzie, Peter (1831). The life of Thomas Muir, esq. advocate, younger of Huntershill, near Glasgow: member of the Convention of delegates for reform in Scotland, etc. etc., who was tried for sedition before the High court of justiciary in Scotland, and sentenced to transportation for fourteen years. With a full report of his trial. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. pp. 61, 100, 115.
- ^ a b c "Sir William Honeyman, Lord Armadale, 1756 – 1825". Armadale.Org. West Lothian Archaeological Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Fisher, David R. (1986). R. Thorne (ed.). "Orkney and Shetland". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/constituencies/tain-%28northern%29-burghs
- ^ a b "Clearances". Samfchair.com. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
- ^ Prebble, John (1982) [1963]. The Highland Clearances. Penguin. p. 72. ISBN 9780141933160.
- ^ Munro, David M. (2006). Scotland: An Encyclopedia of Places & Landscapes. Collins. p. 32. ISBN 978-0004724669.
- ^ a b Burke, (John) Bernard (1868). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. London: Henry Colburn & Co. p. 582. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
- ^ Wade, John (1820). The Black Book: Or, Corruption Unmasked!. J. Fairburn. p. 52. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ a b Wade, John (1831). The extraordinary Black Book: an exposition of the united Church of England and Ireland : Civil List and Crown Revenues, Incomes, Privileges and Power of the Aristocracy. E. Wilson. p. 455. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ Estimates and accounts. Session 14 June 20 – October 1831. Vol. 13. 1831. p. 18. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ The (Loyal) Reformers' Gazette. Vol. II. Muir, Gowans, and Company. 14 January 1832. p. 106.
- ^ Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage. 1864.
External links
edit- Lady Honyman and her Family, a painting by Alexander Nasmyth in about 1790, held by the National Galleries of Scotland