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William James Beal

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William James Beal (March 11, 1833 – May 12, 1924) was an American botanist. He was a pioneer in the development of hybrid corn and the founder of the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden.

William James Beal
Born(1833-03-11)March 11, 1833
Adrian, Michigan, U.S.
DiedMay 12, 1924(1924-05-12) (aged 91)
Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.
Resting placeMount Hope Cemetery
Lansing, Michigan, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Michigan
Harvard University
University of Chicago
Known forPioneer in the development of hybrid corn
Founder of W. J. Beal Botanical Garden
SpouseHannah Proud Beal
Scientific career
FieldsBotanist
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago
Michigan State University
Author abbrev. (botany)Beal
Signature

Biography

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Beal was born in Adrian, Michigan, to William and Rachel (Comstock) Beal,[1] His parents were pioneering Quaker settlers/farmers from New York state. Beal grew up in forested land surrounded by native plant and animal life.[2] He married Hannah Proud in 1863. He retired to Amherst, Massachusetts, and died there in 1924.[3]

Education

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He attended the University of Michigan, where he earned an A.B. degree in 1859 and an A.M. degree biology in 1862; he also received an S.B. in botany degree from Harvard University, 1865, an M.S. degree in biology from the University of Chicago, 1875, and a number of honorary degrees.

Between 1858 and 1861 he was a teacher of Natural Sciences at Friends Academy at Union Springs, New York.[4][3]

Research at the Michigan Agricultural College

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Comparison of corns
 
8 rowed corn
 
16-24 rowed corn

After briefly serving as professor of botany at the University of Chicago in 1868-70, Beal went on to Michigan Agricultural College (MAC, now Michigan State University), where he was a professor of botany (1871-1910), and curator of the museum (1882-1903). While at MAC, he arranged for Liberty Hyde Bailey to work as an assistant to Asa Gray at Harvard University for two years during 1883-1884.[5] He also served as director of the state Forestry Commission (1889-1892).[3] He was a key leader of the experimental movement of agricultural botany at the college.[2]

His research at the MAC involved using cross-fertilization to increase the yield from 8 rowed Indian corn to 24 rowed hybrid corn. His contributions planted him as “one of the pioneers in the development of hybrid corn” in the late 19th century.[6] Using his techniques, Beal was able to produce crops that bloomed earlier, were hardier, had more vigor, and had “better qualities” than traditionally grown varieties.[7] He began conducting these experiments in 1878. He also conducted the first turfgrass experiments at the college in 1880.[2]

Beal first visited the Michigan Agricultural College in 1870. He was to teach a botany class during the summer. At that time, Lansing had a population of 1,541 residents and the addition of a new hall on campus allowed the college to accept 150 students, up from the previous 82 student accommodation. He described the college as “young, poor, and small”. Due to a lack of faculty, Beal taught a wide range of subjects. In addition to teaching his passion of botany, he also taught English, history, and civil engineering.[8] His successor at the Michigan Agricultural College, P.G. Holden, is quoted as praising Beal’s work by saying “From his original experiment has come to the Twentieth Century Miracle - hybrid corn.”[6]

Beal founded MSU's W. J. Beal Botanical Garden in 1877, making it the oldest continuously operated botanical garden in the United States.[2]

Beal's work was inspired by many influential scientists of the late 19th century. He arrived at Harvard to complete an undergraduate degree 3 years after Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. Emerson, Lowell, and Holmes were writing and lecturing, and Thoreau was still alive. Beal heard them all as a young student from Michigan. Groundbreaking research by Darwin and the writings of Emerson, Lowell, Holmes, and Thoreau were probably inspirations to a young Beal as he transitioned from studying at Harvard to conducting his research at the Michigan Agricultural College. Darwin’s research on inheritance especially seems to have influenced Beal’s development of hybrid corn.[6]

In 1887, he and Professor Rolla C. Carpenter created "Collegeville", the first neighborhood in what later became East Lansing.[3]

Germination experiment

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In 1879 Beal started one of the longest-running experiments in botany. He filled 20 bottles with a mixture of sand and seeds, with each bottle containing 50 seeds from 21 species of plant. Then the bottles were buried, their necks pointing down to exclude water. The goal of the experiment was to unearth one of the bottles every five years, plant the seeds, and observe the number that would sprout. Later caretakers extended the experiment by opening a bottle once every decade, and later, every two decades.

A bottle was unearthed in 2000, and 2 of the 21 plant species sprouted.

The experiment is still running, with the bottles buried on the campus of Michigan State University.[9][10] The end of the study is due in 2100.[11][12][13][14][15]

The latest test occurred in 2021, after a delay caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[16][17]

Published works

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He was the author of The New Botany (1882), Grasses of North America (1887), Seed Dispersal (1898) and History of Michigan Agricultural College (1915).[18]

The standard author abbreviation Beal is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[19]

Quotation

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"Merely learning the name of a plant or parts of a plant can no longer be palmed off as valuable training."[20]

As published in The Examiner of Hartford, Conn, on Dec 3, 1881: "If you have money to fool away, seed down your young orchard to clover and timothy, or sow a crop of wheat or oats. If you want the trees to thrive, cultivate well till they are seven or ten years old. Spread ashes, manue, or salt broadcast. Stop cultivating in August, weeds or no weeds; this allows the trees to ripen for winter. The question whether to cultivate old orchards or not must be answered by observing the trees. If the clover of the leaves is good and they grow well and bear fine fruit they are doing well enough even if in grass. But if the leaves are pale, the annual growth less than a foot on a twelve trees, and the fruit small and poor, something is the matter, and they are suffering for want of cultivation, or manure, or both. To judge of the condition of an apple is like judging of the condition of sheep in a pasture. Look at the sheep, and if they are plump and fat, they are all right."[21]

Death

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Beal was buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Lansing.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Beal, William James (1915). History of the Michigan Agricultural College: And Biographical Sketches of Trustees and Professors. Agricultural college. p. 414. William James Beal adrian mi.
  2. ^ a b c d Beard, J. B. (Summer 2017). "William J. beal: Pioneer applied botanical scientist and research society builder". Agronomy Journal. 100: S4–S10.
  3. ^ a b c d "MSU’S ICONIC PROFESSORS" by Bob Bao, MSU Alumni, Spring 2003
  4. ^ "Michigan Alumnus". 1909.
  5. ^ Dupree, A. Hunter (1988). Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 384–385, 388. ISBN 978-0-801-83741-8.
  6. ^ a b c Fussell, Betty (1992). The Story of Corn. Alfred A. Knopf Inc. ISBN 9780394578057.
  7. ^ Beal, William J. (Summer 2017). "Horticulture at the Agricultural College". Horticultural – via Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections.
  8. ^ Beal, William J. (Summer 2017). "Notes for Beal's History of M.A.C.". William J. Beal Papers – via Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections.
  9. ^ "Welcome to the W.J. Beal Botanical Garden – Research & Teaching". Michigan State University. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
  10. ^ "Experiments That Keep Going And Going And Going". NPR. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.
  11. ^ Beal, W. J. 1884. The vitality of seeds. Proc. Soc. Promot. Agric. Sci. 5:44-46.
  12. ^ Beal, W.J. 1905. The vitality of seeds. Bot. Gaz. 38:140-143.
  13. ^ Darlington, H.T. 1941. The sixty-year period for Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment. Am. J. Bot. 28:271-273.
  14. ^ Kivilaan, A. & Bandurski, R. S. 1981. The one-hundred-year period for Dr. Beal's seed viability experiment. Am. J. Bot. 68:1290-1292.
  15. ^ Telewski, F. W. and Zeevaart, J. 2002. The 120th year of the Beal seed viability study. Am. J. Bot. 89(8): 1285-1288.
  16. ^ Giamo, Cara. "One of the World's Oldest Science Experiments Comes Up From the Dirt". Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  17. ^ "142-year-old experiment on seed germination lives on at MSU". May 7, 2021.
  18. ^ "William James Beal Works".
  19. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Beal.
  20. ^ "Life devoted to College is concluded: Teacher, scholar, philosopher, combined in qualities of Dr Beal" (PDF). The M.A.C. Record. 29 (30). May 19, 1924.
  21. ^ "Cultivate Young Orchards" (PDF). The Examiner. Vol. 1, no. 3. Hartford, Connecticut: Chronicling America. Library of Congress. December 3, 1881. p. 2. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  22. ^ "Historical Marker - L2211 - Mount Hope Cemetery (Marker ID#:L2211)" (PDF). dnr.state.mi.us. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
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Wikisource has the text of a 1900 Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography article about William James Beal.
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