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William Bayliss

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For the British trade unionist, see Bill Bayliss.

Sir William Maddock Bayliss FRS (2 May 1860 – 27 August 1924) was an English physiologist.[1]

Sir William Bayliss
William Bayliss in 1918
Born
John William Maddock Bayliss

2 May 1860
Wednesbury, Staffordshire, England
Died27 August 1924(1924-08-27) (aged 64)
London, England
NationalityEnglish
Alma materUniversity College London
Oxford University
Known forSecretin
Peristalsis
AwardsRoyal Medal, 1911
Copley Medal, 1919
Scientific career
FieldsPhysiology
InstitutionsUniversity College London
William Bayliss in 1878, aged only 18

Life

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St Cuthbert's, Bayliss's home on West Heath Road in Hampstead

He was born in Wednesbury, Staffordshire[2][3] but shortly thereafter his father, a successful merchant of ornamental ironwork, moved his family to a house he had built on West Heath Road in Hampstead in north London, which he named St Cuthberts. It stood in four acres of gardens.[4] William was his sole heir.[5] He began to study medicine at University College London in 1880, but dropped out when he failed anatomy.[6] Attracted to physiology, he studied under John Burdon Sanderson at Wadham College, Oxford, where he won a first class degree, investigating electrical changes occurring during salivary secretion. He returned to University College London in 1888 as an assistant to Edward Sharpey-Schafer. In 1890 he began to collaborate with Ernest Starling, who was at Guy's Hospital, on the electrical activity of the heart. They complemented each other in many ways: for instance, Bayliss dealt with the recording apparatus while Starling worked with the preparation.

Bayliss married Starling's sister Gertrude in 1893; they had three sons and one daughter. They enjoyed entertaining at their London estate, even hosting all those attending London meetings of the Physiological Society. He built a laboratory in a corrugated iron shed in his four-acre garden.

He and Starling first studied pressures in the veins and capillaries, but in 1897 they radically changed direction to work on the control of the motility of the gut.[7] Collaboration became easier when Starling moved to University College London as the Jodrell Chair of Physiology in 1899. It was known that injecting hydrochloric acid into the intestinal lumen evoked secretion by the pancreas; injection into the blood did not. They set out to determine which nerves were involved, but denervation did not block the response. In a flash of inspiration they ground up a sample of intestinal mucosa in sand containing hydrochloric acid; injecting the filtered extract elicited copious pancreatic secretion.[8] They called the responsible chemical secretin and named such messenger chemicals hormones. A "discovery must, as it seems to me, ever rank as one of the landmarks of physiology—-the discovery not merely of a new thing, but of a new process of life".[9]

In 1903 he was demonstrating to the medical students an experiment on an anesthetized dog. Two visiting Swedish ladies believed that the anesthesia was insufficient and reported this to Stephen Coleridge, secretary of the anti-vivisection society: his charges of torture were widely reported in the newspapers. The wealthy Bayliss had the resources to demand an apology, and when this was denied to sue for libel. The trial in the Brown Dog affair filled the newspapers, the jury found for Bayliss.

Bayliss then studied the circulation of the brain and the action of enzymes, he was a founder of the Biochemical Society. In 1912 a Professorship in General Physiology was created for him at University College London.

During the first years of World War I Starling was in the army, so Bayliss taught physiology and served on the Royal Society Food (War) Committee.[10] In 1916 he presented a paper on wound shock.[11] It was known that in shock blood volume is decreased, even when the patient has not bled. This loss of blood causes the fall in blood pressure, because the heart has less blood to pump. This fall in blood pressure is responsible for the symptoms of shock. If blood volume is restored by injecting a salt solution then blood pressure rises, but only transitionally. Intravenous salt solutions had not helped men shocked during the Battle of the Somme. Using cats Bayliss demonstrated that if the salt solution contains five per cent gelatin or gum arabic the rise in blood pressure is sustained and shock is alleviated. The explanation had been revealed earlier by Starling: molecules too large to escape from the blood plasma while it passes through the capillaries generate the osmotic pressure needed to pull fluid from the extracellular fluid back into the circulation (although Bayliss suggested they might act by increasing blood viscosity). In November 1917 gum-saline was infused into wound-shocked men who then recovered. However, it was March 1918 before gum-saline was shipped to the front. No record was kept of how many were treated. The Germans adopted gum-saline, also without recording their results. Bayliss summarized this work in a book.[12]

In 1919 he published Principles of General Physiology, which he defined as those processes common to all living things.[13] This influential book was "a revelation of the personality of the writer."[14] It went through four editions and was revised after his death by his son Leonard and A. V. Hill, the fifth edition appearing in 1959–1960.

An obituary noted that "His quiet generosity, his kindliness, his self-effacing modesty and his simple goodness endeared him to all his fellow physiologists"[15] Another pointed out that Bayliss loved to have young physiologists about him and they loved his company because "His knowledge, though exhaustive, was never overbearing, and his genius was never frightening — probably because his mind did not work rapidly."[16]

Honours and awards

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Bayliss was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1903.[17] He jointly delivered their Croonian lecture in 1904 and was awarded their Royal Medal in 1911 and their Copley Medal in 1919.

He was knighted for his contribution to medicine in 1922.

Death

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Bayliss died in London in 1924.

The Bayliss and Starling Society was founded in 1979 as a forum for scientists with research interests in central and autonomic peptide function.

Family

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His son, Dr Leonard Ernest Bayliss FRSE (1901-1964) was also a physiologist.[18] who continued the family tradition of writing physiology textbooks.[19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Bayliss, William Maddock". Who's Who. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 114.
  2. ^ 1911 England Census
  3. ^ England, Oxford Men and Their Colleges, 1880-1892
  4. ^ Henderson, J. (2013). A Life of Ernest Starling. People and Ideas. Springer New York. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4614-7526-2. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  5. ^ Henderson, John (2005). A life of Ernest Starling. Oxford University Press. pp. 20–23. ISBN 978-0-19-517780-0.
  6. ^ E, M, Tansey (2004). "Sir William Maddock Bayliss (1860-1924).". In Matthew, H. G. C.; Harrison, Brian (eds.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Henderson 2005, pp. 46-49.
  8. ^ Henderson 2005, pp.54-58.
  9. ^ Barcroft, J. (1926). "Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased: Sir William Maddock Bayliss". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 99 (699): xxvii–xxxii. doi:10.1098/rspb.1926.0022.
  10. ^ Bayliss, W. M. (1917). The physiology of food and economy in diet. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
  11. ^ Van Der Kloot, William (2010). "William Maddock Bayliss's therapy for wound shock". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 64 (3): 271–286. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2009.0068. PMID 20973450.
  12. ^ Bayliss, W. M. (1919). Intravenous Injection in Wound Shock. London: Longmans, Green.
  13. ^ Bayliss, William Maddock (1918). Principles of general physiology. London: Longmans Green & Co.
  14. ^ "Sir W. M. Bayliss.; a Great English Physiologist". The Times. 28 August 1924. p. 12.
  15. ^ J. B. 1926, p. xxxii.
  16. ^ J.B. 1926, xxx
  17. ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  18. ^ "Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002" (PDF). p. 66. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  19. ^ Winton, Frank Robert; Bayliss, Leonard Ernest (1930). Human physiology. London: J. & A. Churchill. p. 583.

Sources

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  • Zárate, Arturo; Saucedo, Renata (2005), "[On the centennial of hormones. A tribute to Ernest H. Starling and William M. Bayliss]", Gaceta Médica de México, vol. 141, no. 5, pp. 437–9, PMID 16353891
  • Hirst, Barry H (2004), "Secretin and the exposition of hormonal control", J. Physiol., vol. 560, no. Pt 2 (published 15 October 2004), p. 339, doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.073056, PMC 1665254, PMID 15308687
  • Modlin, I M; Kidd, M (2001), "Ernest Starling and the discovery of secretin", J. Clin. Gastroenterol., vol. 32, no. 3 (published March 2001), pp. 187–92, doi:10.1097/00004836-200103000-00001, PMID 11246341
  • Modlin, I M; Kidd, M; Farhadi, J (2000), "Bayliss and Starling and the nascence of endocrinology", Regul. Pept., vol. 93, no. 1–3 (published 25 September 2000), pp. 109–23, doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(00)00182-8, PMID 11033058, S2CID 22052112
  • Svatos, J; Svatos, A (1999), "The divergence in the conception of Pavlov and Bayliss-Starling concerning the function of the nervous system", Ceskoslovenská Fysiologie / Ústrední ústav Biologický, vol. 48, no. 1 (published February 1999), pp. 22–6, PMID 10377602
  • Folkow, B (1989), "Myogenic mechanisms in the control of systemic resistance. Introduction and historical background", Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension, vol. 7, no. 4 (published September 1989), pp. S1–4, PMID 2681587
  • Simmer, H H (1978), "[The discovery and the discoverers of secretin. A contribution to the history of science and to the typology of the scientist]", Die Medizinische Welt, vol. 29, no. 50 (published 15 December 1978), pp. 1991–6, PMID 364247
  • Hill, A V (1969), "Bayliss and Starling and the happy fellowship of physiologists", J. Physiol., vol. 204, no. 1 (published September 1969), pp. 1–13, doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008894, PMC 1351589, PMID 4900770
  • Bayliss, L E (1961), "William Maddock Bayliss, 1860–1924: life and scientific work", Perspect. Biol. Med., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 460–79, doi:10.1353/pbm.1961.0025, PMID 13688118, S2CID 29453919
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