Wilmer Angier Jennings (1910–1990) was an African-American printmaker, painter, and jeweler. He was hired by the Rhode Island WPA to create wood-engraved prints that explored themes of economic and social hardships experienced by African-Americans.[1] Jennings' work also included Southern themes inspired by oral folklore traditions. During his later years, Jennings studied jewelry design, which prompted him to develop new methods of jewelry manufacturing.[2]
Wilmer Angier Jennings | |
|---|---|
| Born | November 13, 1910 Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 1990 (aged 79) Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. |
| Other names | Wilmer Jennings |
| Alma mater | Morehouse College, Rhode Island School of Design, University of Rhode Island |
| Known for | Printmaker, painter, jeweler |
Early life, Georgia and the WPA
edit
Wilmer Angier Jennings was born on November 13, 1910, in Atlanta, Georgia.[3] His parents were Matilde and Levi Angier Jennings.[3]
He attended Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, where he graduated with a B.S. degree in 1933.[3][4] While attending Morehouse College, Jennings studied under the artist Hale Woodruff who introduced him to the principles of modernism.[5]
In 1934, working under the Graphic Arts Division of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), Jennings and Wiidruff worked together on two notable murals that reflected on the African-American experience: The Negro in Modern American Life: Agriculture and Rural Life, Literature, Music and Art and the second, titled The Dream.[1][6] The first of the two was displayed in the David T. Howard School in Atlanta, Georgia while the second was showcased at the School of Social Work at Atlanta University. However, both are currently destroyed. During that stay in Atlanta, Jennings was able to learn the creative production that contributed to community murals. Woodruff already had an unconventional relationship with his students in which he was opposed to the typical teacher role. Because of that, Jennings was able to form a personal friendship with Woodruff, who he called by the nickname "Count" as a playful title, rather than calling him Hale.[7] In regards to this relationship, art historian Winifred L. Stoelting, quoted Woodruff saying:
[...] "I remember they wanted to call me 'Hale' and I was reluctant for them to do that, but Wilmer Jennings always called me 'Count,' a kind of a warm title. I always appreciated it because he not only needed [to] but he wanted this kind of relationship that developed between us."[7]
Jennings continued to work with Woodruff throughout his early career and was able to exhibit his oil painting Rendezvous, 1942, in the First Atlanta University Annual Exhibition of Works by Negro Artists, an exhibition that was organized by Woodruff.[2]
Rhode Island
editAfter graduating from Morehouse College, Jennings moved to New England to attend the Rhode Island School of Design in Providence, Rhode Island. There, he was hired by the WPA where he was able to create works that represented the economic hardships of African-Americans during the Depression.[1] During this time, he mostly used wood engraving and lino-cut relief processes. Wood engraving uses a dense block for processing and as a result, Jennings was able to create thin lines that displayed subtle detail. His Still Life, 1937 used this technique to create a shadowy quality. Lino-cut, however, uses a softer linoleum block which cannot be processed in the same way. Jennings’ Statuette, 1937, was able to emphasize contrast by creating free bold lines.[2]
Jennings was influenced by his African roots and began incorporating African sculpture into his works. Both Still life, 1937 and Statuette, 1937 include images of an African Fang sculpture in addition to the objects found in Gabon working-class households. This included vases, urns, baskets, metal ashtrays, and textiles.[2]
Jennings enjoyed reading and was influenced by the African-American folklore that was recorded by Zora Neale Hurston and by the poetry of Sterling Brown. Jennings's wood engraving Just Plain Ornery, 1938, represents the humor associated with folklore by presenting the stubborn mule and mule races.[2]
After moving to Providence, Rhode Island in the mid-1930s, Jennings represented the effect of the urban development on the black community in some of his works. His prints included images of ferry boats, oil industry sites, race tracks, and the transformation of residential areas.[2]
Jewelry design and later work
editIn addition to establishing himself as a printmaker, Jennings supported his family by working as a jewelry designer. From 1943 until his death in 1990, Jennings developed a series of new techniques that benefited the company for which he worked, the Imperial Pearl Company. As a head jewelry designer and chief model maker, Jennings was able to reduce the thickness of castings by casting with rubber molds.
And while studying at the University of Rhode Island he was able to teach himself how to cast precious metals using a lost-wax method. He also developed a method to color glass beads using alabaster and crushed colored glass which created a new jade color. His adoption of centrifugal casting as opposed to injection-molded pieces also reduced costs.[2]
After injuring his right hand in 1957, Jennings began to train himself to draw and paint left-handed, which he continued to do up until the time of his death. The subjects of his later work included landscape and social realist scenes of his community.[2]
Death and legacy
editHe died on June 25, 1990, in Providence, Rhode Island.[3]
Jennings has a daughter named Corrine Jennings, who is a founding director of Kenkeleba House, Inc. in New York City, which is a nonprofit dedicated to showcasing the work of underrepresented African artists.[8] Kenkeleba House was founded in 1974 by Joe Overstreet and Samuel C. Floyd in addition to Corrine Jennings. Its name, Kenkeleba, is derived from the healing properties of the Seh-Haw plant grown in West Africa.
Exhibitions
edit- 1935, Arthur U. Newton Galleries, New York[6]
- 1935, "An Art Commentary on Lynching", New York[2]
- 1939, "New York World's Fair", New York World's Fair Commission of Rhode Island, Queens, New York[2]
- 1939, "Contemporary Negro Art", Washington D.C[2]
- 1940, "American Negro Exposition", Chicago, Illinois[9]
- 1942, "First Atlanta University Annual Exhibition of Works by Negro Artists", Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University), Atlanta, Georgia[2]
- 1946, "Negro Artist Comes of Age", Providence, Rhode Island[2]
- 1992–1994, "Bridges and Boundaries: African-Americans and American Jews", a traveling group exhibition shown at New York Historical Society in New York City; Jewish Museum in San Francisco; Strong Museum at Rochester; the Jewish Historical Society of Maryland and the Eubie Blake National Museum and Cultural Center (now Eubie Blake Cultural Center) in Baltimore; National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center in Wilberforce, Ohio; California Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Los Angeles; the National Museum of American Jewish History (now Weitzman National Museum of American Jewish History) in Philadelphia, and the Chicago Historical Society (now Chicago History Museum) in Chicago.[10][11][12]
Collections
edit| Year | Title | Collection | Medium |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1938 | Just Plain Ornery | Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York City, New York |
wood engraving |
| 1942 | Harangue | wood engraving | |
| 1946 | Dead Tree | woodcut | |
| 1937 | Still Life With Fetish | wood engraving | |
| ca. 1939 | Lazy Bones | woodcut | |
| 1943 | Xmas 43 | National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. | woodcut[13] |
| 1939 | Hill Top House | Howard University Art Gallery, Howard University, Washington, D.C. | wood engraving[14] |
| 1938 | Boat Station | Rhode Island School of Design Museum,
Providence, Rhode Island |
wood engraving[15] |
| 1941 | Harangue | wood engraving[16] | |
| 1945 | Plowman | wood engraving[17] |
References
edit- ^ a b c Messinger, Lisa; Collins, Lisa; Mustalish, Rachel (February 8, 2003). African-American Artists, 1929–1945: Prints, Drawings, and Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1 ed.). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23. ISBN 0300098774.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Elliot, Claude (August 1, 2000). Pressing On: The Graphic Work of Wilmer Jennings. Rhode Island: Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design. pp. 21–39. ISBN 0911517685.
- ^ a b c d Salzman, Jack; Smith, David L.; West, Cornel (1996). Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. Macmillan Library Reference. p. 1442. ISBN 978-0-02-897345-6.
- ^ Directory of Fellowship Awards for the Years 1922-1950. General Education Board (New York, N.Y.). General Education Board. 1952.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Profile: Wilmer Angier Jennings (1910-1990)". Black Art Story. November 24, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ a b Taylor, William E. (William Edward), 1934– (1996). A shared heritage : art by four African Americans. Indianapolis Museum of Art, with Indiana University Press. pp. 64, 131. ISBN 0936260629. OCLC 33357899.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Davis, Donald F. (1984–1987). "Hale Woodruff of Atlanta: Molder of Black Artists". The Journal of Negro History. 69 (3–4): 147–154. doi:10.2307/2717619. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2717619. S2CID 149987550.
- ^ "Kenkeleba House". Manhattan Sideways. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ American Negro Exposition (1940 : Chicago, Ill.). Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro (1851 to 1940) Assembled By the American Negro Exposition, On View July 4 to September 2, 1940, Tanner Art Galleries. 2019.
- ^ Rule, Sheila (April 20, 1992). "Exhibition On Blacks And Jews Is Faulted". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ Wright, Giles R. (1995). "Bridges and Boundaries: African Americans and American Jews". The Journal of American History. 82 (1): 148–153. doi:10.2307/2081922. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 2081922.
- ^ "'Bridges and Boundaries' for Blacks and Jews". The Chronicle of Higher Education. June 24, 1992. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ "Xmas 43". National Gallery of Art (NGA). Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ "Hill Top House". howard.emuseum.com. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ "Boat Station". RISD Museum. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ "Harangue". RISD Museum. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
- ^ "Plowman". RISD Museum. Retrieved December 31, 2022.