Xenosmilus is an extinct genus of homotherin machairodontine (saber-toothed cat) that was discovered in Florida in 2001. It has one species, Xenosmilus hodsonae.
| Xenosmilus Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| X. hodsonae, Florida Museum of Natural History Fossil Hall at the University of Florida | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Subfamily: | †Machairodontinae |
| Tribe: | †Homotherini |
| Genus: | †Xenosmilus Martin et al., 2000 |
| Type species | |
| †Xenosmilus hodsonae Martin et al., 2000
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Discovery and naming
editThe new genus and species Xenosmilus hodsonae was described in 2001 based on a nearly complete skeleton (BIOPSI 101) from the Florida site Haile 21A, with a second partial skeleton (UF 60,000) as the paratype. Both skeletons came from Early Pleistocene-aged rocks in Florida.[1]
The genus name Xenosmilus was derived from the Greek ξένος/xenos meaning "strange", and σμίλη/smilē meaning "knife". The species name hodsonae honors Debra Hodson, the wife of a researcher.[1][2]
Description
editTwo fairly intact specimens were found by amateur fossil hunters in 1983 (1981 by some sources) in the Haile limestone mines in Alachua County, Florida. In 1994, the fossils were examined, and it was decided that the cats were of an entirely new genus.[3] The fossils were of Irvingtonian age (1.8 to 0.3 Ma).[4] Xenosmilus has also been found in quarries dating to the end Blancan such as Inglis 1a and Haile 7g, dating it up to 2 million years ago.[5] The skull of Xenosmilus was 33 centimetres (13 in) in length.[6] Because the skeletons were found beside each other, some suspect Xenosmilus was a social mammal.[2] Found alongside the two skeletons were dozens of peccary bones. It seems likely, with their muscular builds, that X. hodsonae preyed upon peccaries.
Physically, the cat reached around 1 m (3.3 ft) tall at the shoulder,[7] and is estimated about the same size or larger than Smilodon fatalis, though the body mass estimates of the holotype is around 118 kilograms (260 lb).[8][9] A 2019 book suggested a body mass range of 300–350 kilograms (660–770 lb).[10]
Classification
editXenosmilus is in the tribe Homotherini in the subfamily Machairodontinae of the cat family.[1] A paper published in 2022 proposed that Xenosmilus is a more derived member of the tribe Machairodontini (another name for Homotherini), and that Homotherium venezuelensis should be reassigned to Xenosmilus,[11] with a 2024 paper arguing that remains from Uruguay should also be assigned to the genus.[12] The 2022 study found that Xenosmilus was nested within Homotherium as traditionally defined, making Homotherium without including the species in Xenosmilus paraphyletic.[11]
Paleobiology
editBefore the discovery of Xenosmilus, all known saber-toothed cats fell into two general categories. Dirk toothed cats had long upper canines and stout legs. Scimitar toothed cats had only mildly elongated canines, and long legs. Xenosmilus broke these groupings by possessing both stout muscular legs and body, and short broad upper canines.[13] Unlike most other saber-toothed cats, all of Xenosmilus's teeth were serrated, not just its fangs and incisors. Xenosmilus differs from Homotherium and most other cats in the lack of a gap separating the last incisor tooth and the canine, as well as the loss of the p3 tooth. Notably only the later species of Smilodon have also lost the p3 tooth. The way its top teeth were lined up also allowed Xenosmilus to concentrate its bite force on two teeth at a time.[2]
Xenosmilus has also been theorized by some to have hunted via a "bite and retreat" strategy using its teeth to inflict deep wounds because of the way its canines and incisors could operate as a unit during a bite, leading to Xenosmilus bearing the occasional moniker of "cookie-cutter cat".[14][3] Studies published in 2022 suggest that Xenosmilus and other machairodonts such as Smilodon were also capable of efficiently removing meat from a kill without damaging their teeth, as evidenced by bite marks on the bones of Platygonus. This same study also suggests that machairodonts could consume at least smaller bones when feeding, similar to lions.[15]
References
edit- ^ a b c Martin, L. D.; Babiarz, J. P.; Naples, V. L.; Hearst, J. (2000). "Three Ways to be a Saber-Toothed Cat". Naturwissenschaften. 87 (1): 41–44. Bibcode:2000NW.....87...41M. doi:10.1007/s001140050007. PMID 10663132. S2CID 1216481.
- ^ a b c "Xenosmilus is the grittier name for "cookie-cutter panda cat"". Coffee and Creatures. 19 December 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
- ^ a b "Cookie-Cutter Cat Not as Cute as the Name Sounds". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ Xenosmilus in the Paleobiology Database
- ^ Hulbert, Richard C (January 2010). "A new early Pleistocene tapir (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, with a review of Blancan tapirs from the state". researchgate.net. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Rincón, Ascanio; Prevosti, Francisco Juan; Parra, Gilberto E (2011). "New Saber-Toothed Cat Records (Felidae: Machairodontinae) for the Pleistocene of Venezuela, and the Great American Biotic Interchange". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (2): 468–478. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..468R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550366. hdl:11336/69016. S2CID 129693331.
- ^ Antón, M. (2013). "Who's Who of Sabertoothed Predators". Sabertooth (1st ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-253-01042-1. OCLC 857070029.
- ^ Martin, L.D.; Babiarz, J.P.; Naples, V.L.; Hearst, J. "Three Ways To Be a Saber-Toothed Cat" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 87: 41–44. doi:10.1007/s001140050007.
- ^ Torregrosa, V.; Petrucci, M.; Pérez-Claros, J. A. & Palmqvist, P. (2010). "Nasal aperture area and body mass in felids: Ecophysiological implications and paleobiological inferences". Geobios. 43 (6): 653–661. Bibcode:2010Geobi..43..653T. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2010.05.001.
- ^ Giovanni G. Bellani (2019). Felines of the World. Discoveries in Taxonomic Classification and History. Elsevier Science. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9780128172773. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- ^ a b Jiangzuo, Qigao; Werdelin, Lars; Sun, Yuanlin (15 May 2022). "A dwarf sabertooth cat (Felidae: Machairodontinae) from Shanxi, China, and the phylogeny of the sabertooth tribe Machairodontini". Quaternary Science Reviews. 284: 107517. Bibcode:2022QSRv..28407517J. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107517. ISSN 0277-3791.
- ^ Manzuetti, Aldo; Jones, Washington; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Ubilla, Martín; Perea, Daniel (December 2024). "Body mass of a large-sized Homotheriini (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Pliocene-Middle Pleistocene in Southern Uruguay: Paleoecological implications". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 149: 105231. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2024.105231.
- ^ "A more fearsome saber-toothed cat". ScienceNews. 20 October 2008. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022.
- ^ Anton, Mauricio (2013). Sabertooth.
- ^ Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel; Egeland, Charles P.; Cobo-Sánchez, Lucía; Baquedano, Enrique; Hulbert, Richard C. (2022). "Sabertooth carcass consumption behavior and the dynamics of Pleistocene large carnivoran guilds". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 6045. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.6045D. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09480-7. PMC 9061710. PMID 35501323.
- Martin, L.; Naples, V.; Babiarz, J. (2008). "COOKIE-CUTTER CATS: ANOTHER SABER-TOOTHED Morphotype". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 112A.
- Christiansen, Per (2011). "A dynamic model for the evolution of sabrecat predatory bite mechanics". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162: 220–242. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00675.x.
- "The First South American Homotheriini" (PDF). Comunicaciones Paleontologicas.
