Setaceous Hebrew character

Setaceous Hebrew character
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Superfamily:	Noctuoidea
Family:	Noctuidae
Genus:	Xestia
Species:	X. c-nigrum
Binomial name
	Xestia c-nigrum; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Megasema c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758) ; Phalaena c-nigrum Linnaeus, 1758 ; Bombyx gothica var. nunatrum Esper, 1786 ; Bombyx gothica var. singularis Esper, 1786 ; Agrotis degenerata Staudinger, 1889 ; Agrotis suffusa Tutt, 1892 ; Agrotis rosea Tutt, 1892 ; Agrotis umbrata Schultz, 1908 ; Agrotis fritschi Culot, 1910 ; Agrotis c-nigrum var. depravata Bang-Haas, 1912 ; Agrotis nigrescens Buresch, 1914 ; Agrotis maerens Dannehl, 1925 ; Agrotis c-nigrum var. kurilana Bryk, 1942 ; Amathes c-nigrum ignorata Eitschberger, 1972 ; Xestia adela Franclemont, 1980 ;

The setaceous Hebrew character (Xestia c-nigrum) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is found in the Palearctic realm. It is a common species throughout Europe and North Asia and Central Asia, South Asia, China, Japan and Korea. It is also found in North America, from coast to coast across Canada and the northern United States to western Alaska. It occurs in the Rocky Mountains from Montana to southern Arizona and New Mexico. In the east, it ranges from Maine to North Carolina. It has recently been recorded in Tennessee.

The forewings of this species are reddish brown with distinctive patterning towards the base: a black mark resembling the Hebrew letter nun (נ), thus inspiring the common name, with a pale cream-coloured area adjacent to this mark. The hindwings are cream coloured. "Setaceous" meaning having bristles, refers to the hairs on the top of the thorax and fringing the wings.

Description

The wingspan is 35–45 mm. Forewing purplish grey or purplish fuscous with a leaden gloss; costal area at middle ochreous, merged with the bluntly triangular orbicular stigma: cell, a submedian basal blotch, and costal spot before apex purplish black; claviform stigma minute; reniform large, the lower lobe purplish; hindwing ochreous whitish, in female with the termen broadly fuscous.^[1]

Lava pink with a broad dark brown subdorsal band. A lateral yellow band with a brown spot on it. Head reddish brown in color.^[2]

The caterpillar of the species.
Hebrew letter nun - 15th-century Ashkenazi book-hand.

Biology

Two broods are produced each year and the adults are on the wing between May and October.^[1] This moth flies at night and is attracted to light and sugar, as well as flowers such as Buddleia, ivy and ragwort.

The larva is pale brown red-brown or green with obscure paler dorsal and subdorsal lines and a broad pale ochreous spiracular line. It feeds on a huge variety of plants (see list below). The species overwinters as a larva.

^ The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

Recorded food plants

Documented food plants include:^[3]

Acer – maple
Allium – onion
Apium – celery
Avena – oat
Beta – beet
Brassica
Calendula – marigold
Chrysanthemum
Cichorium – chicory
Cirsium – creeping thistle
Comptonia – sweetfern
Daucus – carrot
Epilobium – rosebay willowherb
Helianthus
Hordeum – barley
Hypericum – St John's wort
Lactuca – lettuce
Lamium – dead-nettle
Lantana
Linum
Lobelia
Lycopersicon – tomato
Malus – apple
Medicago – alfalfa (lucerne)
Myosotis – forget-me-not
Nicotiana – tobacco
Photinia
Pisum – pea
Plantago – plantain
Platanus – Oriental plane
Primula
Pyrus – pear
Rheum – rhubarb
Ribes – currant
Rumex
Senecio – groundsel
Solanum – potato
Solidago – goldenrods
Spiraea
Stellaria – chickweed
Taraxacum – dandelion
Thalictrum – meadow-rue
Trifolium – clover
Triticum – wheat
Urtica – nettle
Vaccinium
Veratrum
Viburnum
Viola
Vitis – grape
Zea – maize (corn)

References

^ Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914
^ Hampson, G. F. (1894). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II. Vol. Moths - Vol. II. Taylor and Francis – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2023). "Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández, 2010. HOSTS – A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London". Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/havt50xw. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Chinery, Michael. Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe 1986 (Reprinted 1991)
Skinner, Bernard. Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles 1984

External links

"10199 Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758) - Schwarzes C". Lepiforum e.V. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
Fauna Europaea
Savela, Markku. "Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved January 22, 2019.

[1] Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914

[2] Hampson, G. F. (1894). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II. Vol. Moths - Vol. II. Taylor and Francis – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

[robinson-3] Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2023). "Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández, 2010. HOSTS – A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London". Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/havt50xw. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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