Xu Xiangqian (November 8, 1901 – September 21, 1990) was a Marshal of the People's Republic of China (PRC). He was the son of a wealthy landowner, but joined the Kuomintang's (KMT) National Revolutionary Army (NRA), against his parents' wishes, in 1924. When the Chinese Civil War started in 1927, Xu joined the Eyuwan Soviet led by Zhang Guotao; Xu became commander of the Eyuwan-based Fourth Red Army. Zhang and Xu retreated to northern Sichuan after being defeated by a KMT encirclement campaign. Xu politically survived Zhang's defection to the KMT in the late-1930s; he rejoined the Red Army in a less senior position under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
Xu Xiangqian | |
|---|---|
徐向前 | |
 Marshal Xu Xianqian (1955) | |
| Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission | |
| In office 8 January 1966 – 1 November 1987 | |
| Chairman | Mao Zedong Hua Guofeng Deng Xiaoping |
| 4th Minister of National Defense | |
| In office 26 February 1978 – 6 March 1981 | |
| Premier | Hua Guofeng Zhao Ziyang |
| Preceded by | Ye Jianying |
| Succeeded by | Geng Biao |
| Vice Premier of China | |
| In office March 1978 – September 1980 | |
| Premier | Hua Guofeng |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 8, 1901 Wutai County, Shanxi, Qing China |
| Died | September 21, 1990 (aged 88) Beijing, China |
| Occupation |
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| Nickname(s) | "The cotton-clad marshal" (bù yī yuán shuài, 布衣元帅) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  People's Republic of China |
| Branch/service |  People's Liberation Army Ground Force |
| Years of service | 1924–1987 |
| Rank | .jpg){kind=icon} Marshal of the People's Republic of China |
| Commands |
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| Battles/wars | |
| Awards |
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During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Xu served in several military units in Communist-controlled areas across North China, and directed the construction of several bases areas. When the Chinese Civil War resumed, in 1947, Xu was active in North China. Forces under his command were responsible for the capture of the heavily fortified city of Taiyuan in the later stages of the war, in 1949.
Xu was promoted to marshal after the founding of the PRC in 1949. He held numerous political and military positions, and survived the Cultural Revolution despite attempting to moderate some of its more destructive effects. He was an important supporter of Deng Xiaoping and his return to political power in 1976. He continued to serve in a number of political and military positions until he was forced to retire in 1985.
Early life and military career
edit
Xu was born in Wutai County, Shanxi. He was the son of a wealthy landowner and scholar who had passed the Qing civil service examination.[1] He attended the Taiyuan Normal College and graduated in 1923.[2] After graduation he had a short career as school teacher, then despite his parents' objections, he joined and attended the first class of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924.[3] After his graduation from the academy he held various officer ranks in the National Revolutionary Army between 1925 and 1927. In 1926 he took part in Chiang Kai-shek's Northern Expedition to recover East China from several warlords.[1] After the campaign was successful he moved to Wuchang, where he taught at a military academy. While teaching in Wuchang he joined the Chinese Communist Party.[2]
After the end of the Nationalist-Communist alliance in 1927 Xu went underground. He did not participate in the failed Nanchang Uprising, but led the failed Guangzhou Uprising shortly after.[2] After that, Xu became active in the Eyuwan Soviet. In January 1931, he became the first commander of the Eyuwan Soviet's newly-established Fourth Red Army. The Fourth Red Army numbered twenty thousand soldiers when Xu took command.[4][5] Later that year, the Central Committee put Zhang Guotao in charge of the Eyuwan Soviet. Zhang purged several top-level officers from the Fourth Red Army who he considered disloyal. Xu sided with Zhang, despite the fact that his wife was one of the people purged.[6][1] With Ye Jianying as Xu's Chief of Staff, he helped Zhang to establish new communist bases and expanded the 4th Red Army to number 30,000 men.[7] While under suspicion and the surveillance of Zhang's political commissars, Xu Xianqian lead the 80,000 strong 4th Front Army of the Chinese Red Army in Sichuan to victory against local warlords troops that numbered more than 300,000. Over 100,000 warlord troops were killed in conflicts with Xu's forces, and the remaining 200,000 deserted or retreated to other Nationalist-aligned areas.[citation needed]
In 1934 Chiang Kai-shek defeated the armies associated with Zhou Enlai, forcing them to undertake the Long March. Zhang Guotao considered attacking them, but Xu refused. Xu's refusal to attack Zhang's rivals may have contributed to Mao's acceptance of Xu under his own leadership later, after Zhang's 4th Front Army was eventually defeated by Chiang.[1] Zhang was purged after returning to the areas around Yan'an controlled by Mao, but Xu was allowed to rejoin the Red Army under Mao's leadership after making an extensive self-criticism.[3] His first position under Mao, as the deputy commander of the 129th division, was effectively a demotion.[1]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), Xu did not remain with the 129th division, but was transferred to several different positions during the war. He briefly spend time with Luo Ronghuan building bases in Communist-controlled areas of Shandong before being transferred to He Long's United Defense Army, in which he served as deputy commander.[1] The Communist bases Xu helped to establish proved useful after World War II ended 1945 and the Chinese Civil War resumed. In the early stages of the war, when the Kuomintang forced the Communist headquarters in Shaanxi to evacuate, it was evacuated to the bases established by Xu.
During the Chinese Civil War, Xu participated in several battles in North China. Contrary to the common tactic of many Communist commanders during the Civil War, who favored attacking only after establishing forces of several times the defenders, Luo often engaged numerically equal or superior forces and emerged victorious. In 1948 and 1949 Luo engaged and defeated the forces of Yan Xishan, a Shanxi warlord who was aligned with the Kuomintang.
Political career
editAfter the Communists won the civil War in 1949, Xu served as the General Chief of Staff[broken anchor] of the People's Liberation Army. Xu may not have been active as PLA Chief-of-Staff (1949–54), but was named one of the 10 Marshals in 1955, (the only Northerner to have received this honour) and as a member of the party Military Affairs Committee in 1961. Xu was formally succeeded as Chief-of-Staff by Su Yu, in 1954.[8] He became one of China's vice premiers in 1965.
During the Cultural Revolution, Xu was part of the 1967 February Countercurrent, a group of leaders who criticized the Cultural Revolution for creating chaos and undermining China's leadership.[9]: 154 Afterwards, Mao required him to request a leave of absence and undertake self-criticism.[9]: 154 He survived politically, and later that year was allowed to join both the Politburo and the Cultural Revolution Group. In 1969 he joined the Central Committee.[2]
Xu protected Deng Xiaoping when Deng was purged from the government in 1976. Later in 1976 he was one of the military supporters of Hua Guofeng's coup against the Gang of Four, which eventually brought Deng back to power and formally ended the Cultural Revolution.
While serving as Defense Minister from 1978 to 1981,[10] Xu advocated developing the People's Liberation Army as a well-trained, well-equipped military force and promoted the use of foreign military technology. This view was a departure from Maoist political doctrine, and Xu promoted dramatic predictions of an imminent conflict with the Soviet Union in order to generate political support for his ideas.[10]
In 1978, Xu was almost killed in an accident of Chinese HJ-73 ATGM demonstration when the missile suddenly malfunctioned and turned 180 degrees after traveling several hundred meters, flying in opposite direction toward the observation platform, where Xu and other top ranking Chinese officers were sitting, and landed right in front of the platform. It was fortunate for Xu and the others on the platform that the missile failed to explode, and they survived and remained there until the completion of the demonstration. Xu did not originally plan to attend the demonstration, but because both Ye Jianying and Nie Rongzhen, who originally planned to attend, were hospitalized at the time, (Liu Bocheng had already retired by then to poor health) Xu was invited instead.
Xu led the preparations for PLA operations in the Sino-Vietnam War in 1979.
After resigning as Defense Minister in 1981, Xu remained active in politics. He served in the Politburo and the Central Committee, and was the vice chairman of the Central Military Commission. He was forced to resign his positions, along with Nie Rongzhen and Ye Jianying, in 1985. During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, he and Marshal Nie Rongzhen, published statements which, while calling for civil order, warned that the PLA should not resort to bloodshed to suppress the protests.[11][10]
Xu died in 1990. According to his wishes, no memorial service was to be conducted for him which was refused by the government and he was given a memorial with full military honours. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered across the Dabie, Daba, Taihang Mountains, and Hexi Corridor. His official obituary stated that "his life was a glorious one... Xu was an outstanding Communist, a great proletarian revolutionary, a strategist, and one of the founders of the Chinese People's Liberation Army."[3]
Personal life
editHis grandson is allegedly Xu Lei (徐雷), since April 2022 the CEO of JD.com,[12] however the family relationship is disputed and other sources name his grandson as Xu Luo (徐珞).
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f Lew 13
- ^ a b c d Wortzel & Higham 285
- ^ a b c Kristof
- ^ Benton 1992, p. 313.
- ^ Gao 2009, p. 125.
- ^ Rowe 2007, pp. 310–312.
- ^ Saich 1996, p. 514.
- ^ Gittings, John, Military Control and Leadership, 1949-1964, The China Quarterly No. 26 (Apr. - Jun., 1966), p87 f13, [1].
- ^ a b Hou, Li (2021). Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1.
- ^ a b c Associated Press
- ^ "The Losses in Tiananmen Square". Air Force Magazine. 1989-11-01. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
- ^ "JD.com founder Richard Liu hands over chief executive's role to Xu Lei, becoming the latest Chinese tech billionaire to step back". South China Morning Post. 2022-04-07. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
Sources
edit- Associated Press. "Xu Xiangqian; Chinese Red Army Marshal". Los Angeles Times. September 22, 1990. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
- Kristof, Nicholas D. "Xu Xiangqian, a Long March Veteran, Dies at 88". New York Times. September 22, 1990. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
- Lew, Christopher R. The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945-1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. The USA and Canada: Routelage. 2009. ISBN 0-415-77730-5.
- Wortzel, Larry M., & Higham. Robin D. S. Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 1999. ISBN 0-313-29337-6.
- Benton, Gregor (1992). Mountain Fires: The Red Army's Three-year War in South China, 1934-1938. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Gao, James Z. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
- Rowe, William T (2007). Crimson Rain: Seven Centuries of Violence in a Chinese County. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
- Saich, Tony, ed. (1996). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.