The Two Qiaos of Jiangdong (traditional Chinese: 江東二喬; simplified Chinese: 江东二乔; pinyin: Jiāngdōng èr Qiáo) were two sisters of the Qiao family who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. In ahistorical tales, the two Qiaos were sisters of exceptional beauty who were the pivot to the Battle of Chibi, one of the most impactful battles of the pre-Three Kingdoms period.[1] Cao Cao, Chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty, was described to be interested in having the two sisters, to the point that his intentions were evident in his son's poem "Ode to the Bronze Sparrow Platform" (銅雀臺賦); consequently leading Zhou Yu of Jiangdong to go to war with Cao Cao.[2]
Da Qiao 大橋 | |
|---|---|
 A Qing dynasty block print of Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao | |
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | Unknown |
| Spouse | Sun Ce |
| Father | Lord Qiao |
| Relatives | Xiao Qiao (sister) |
Xiao Qiao 小橋 | |
|---|---|
| Born | Unknown |
| Died | Unknown |
| Spouse | Zhou Yu |
| Father | Lord Qiao |
| Relatives | Da Qiao (sister) |
| Two Qiaos | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Da Qiao | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 大橋 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 大桥 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Older Qiao | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Xiao Qiao | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 小橋 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 小桥 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Younger Qiao | ||||||||
| |||||||||
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In historical records
editThe Qiao sisters' names were not recorded in history, so in later times they are simply referred to as Da Qiao (literally "older Qiao") and Xiao Qiao (literally "younger Qiao"). They were from Wan County (皖縣), Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡), which is in present-day Anqing, Anhui. Da Qiao married the warlord Sun Ce, who established the foundation of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Xiao Qiao married Zhou Yu, a general who served under Sun Ce and later, under his successor, Sun Quan.[3] Sun Ce jokingly told Zhou Yu: "Although Elder Qiao's daughters are exceptionally beautiful, with us as their husbands, it should be a happy enough match."[4]
Zhou Yu had two sons and a daughter, Zhou Xun, Zhou Yin and Zhou Fei (Lady Zhou). It is unknown if his three children were born to Xiao Qiao.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
editThe Qiao sisters are featured as characters in the 14th-century historical novel, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, the Chinese character for "Qiao" in their names, 橋/桥, is replaced with 喬/乔.
In the novel, the Qiao sisters are the daughters of a certain Qiao Guolao (喬國老; literally "State Elder Qiao"), possibly referring to Qiao Xuan. Zhou Yu's biography in the third-century historical text, Records of the Three Kingdoms, did not mention the name of the Qiao sisters' father, who was simply referred to as Qiao Gong (橋公; literally "Elder Qiao" or "Lord Qiao"). Historically, Qiao Xuan died in 184,[5] while the Qiao sisters married Sun Ce and Zhou Yu around 199,[3][6] so it was not possible that Qiao Xuan was still living when the marriages took place. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that Qiao Xuan was the "Qiao Gong" mentioned in Zhou Yu's biography.
In Chapter 44 of the novel, Zhuge Liang tells Zhou Yu that Cao Cao's desire to have the Two Qiaos for himself is evident in "Ode to the Bronze Sparrow Platform" (銅雀臺賦), a poem written by Cao Cao's son, Cao Zhi. Zhuge Liang recites an altered version of the poem with added verses:[7]
立雙臺於左右兮 |
The two towers rise, one on either flank, |
| —translated by C.H. Brewitt-Taylor[8] |
An enraged Zhou Yu then hardens his decision to convince Sun Quan to ally with Liu Bei against Cao Cao, then prevailing over the latter in the Battle of Chibi. Historically, the battle predates the terrace by two years, and Cao Zhi's poem was written two years after Zhou Yu's death. Nonetheless, the story of the Bronze Bird Terrace and the Qiao sisters in the popular tradition aroused people's imagination for generations.[9]
In Chinese opera
editIn the opera Fenghuang Er Qiao, addresses Xiao Qiao as "Qiao Ching" and Da Qiao as "Qiao Wan", both ladies are skilled in martial arts. Sun Ce was the protagonist of this opera, he borrows 3,000 troops from Yuan Shu and allies with the Qiao army, which is led by the Two Qiaos. The Qiao's father starts a competition for Zhou Yu and Sun Ce to prove they are worthy of marrying them, the Qiao sisters engage in battles with their future husbands. Sun Ce eventually gains Da Qiao's hand in marriage through a martial arts contest with the help of Zhou Yu and Xiao Qiao.
In popular culture
editFilms and TV Series
editTaiwanese supermodel Lin Chi-ling starred as Xiao Qiao in the 2008 Chinese epic war film, Red Cliff, directed by John Woo. In the film, it is surmised that Cao Cao's infatuation with Xiao Qiao is the reason why he invaded Sun Quan's lands and initiated the battle. Chinese actress Huang Yi portrayed Xiao Qiao in Just Another Pandora's Box, a spoof of Red Cliff.
Cai Hancen and Tsai Yi-chen portrayed Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao, respectively, in the 2009 Taiwanese television series, K.O.3an Guo, a spoof of Romance of the Three Kingdoms in a modern high school setting.
Chinese actresses Liu Jing and Zhao Ke portrayed Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao, respectively, in the 2010 Chinese television series, Three Kingdoms.
Games
editThe Qiao sisters are featured as playable characters in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. The anime Koihime Musō and Ikki Tousen make references to Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao as well, in which they are known by their respective names in Japanese – Daikyō and Shōkyō.
The Two Qiaos are featured in Sega's Total War: Three Kingdoms after 19 March 2020, when the developer Creative Assembly released a DLC under the title of A World Betrayed, which gives the Two Qiao official portraits and 3D models with unique abilities.
The Qiaos are featured as "gods" in the Japanese mobile game Puzzle & Dragons, as part of the Three Kingdoms God series.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 44.
- ^ Tsao 2020, p. 52.
- ^ a b (頃之，策欲取荊州，以瑜為中護軍，領江夏太守，從攻皖，拔之。時得橋公兩女，皆國色也。策自納大橋，瑜納小橋。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
- ^ (江表傳曰：策從容戲瑜曰：「橋公二女雖流離，得吾二人作壻，亦足為歡。」) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 54.
- ^ ([橋]玄以光和六年卒，時年七十五。) Houhanshu vol. 51.
- ^ Sima (1084), vol. 63.
- ^ Tian 2018, p. 331.
- ^ Brewitt-Taylor & Luo 1925, chpt. 44. Six more lines were added to the end of the poem, omitted here.
- ^ Tsao 2020, p. 53.
- ^ "Da Qiao & Xiao Qiao stats, skills, evolution, location - Puzzle & Dragons Database". www.puzzledragonx.com.
- Brewitt-Taylor, C. H.; Luo, Guanzhong (1925). "Romance of Three Kingdoms (based on a 1925 translation, with modernized names, corrections, and notes)". threekingdoms.com. Archived from the original on 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
- Tian, Xiaofei (2018). The Halberd at Red Cliff: Jian'an and the Three Kingdoms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-1-68417-092-0. OCLC 1153560051.
- Tsao, Joanne (2020). The city of Ye in the Chinese literary landscape. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-42014-4. OCLC 1141200097.