The Yıldız assassination attempt was a failed assassination bombing attempted on Sultan Abdul Hamid II by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) at Yıldız Mosque. The bombing took place on 21 July 1905 in the Ottoman capital Istanbul.[1] The Times described the incident as "one of the greatest and most sensational political conspiracies of modern times."[1]
| Yıldız assassination attempt | |
|---|---|
| Part of Armenian national liberation movement | |
 | |
| Location | Yıldız Mosque, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
| Date | 21 July 1905 |
| Target | Sultan Abdul Hamid II |
Attack type | Bombing, attempted assassination, mass murder |
| Deaths | 26 (including the perpetrator) |
| Injured | 58 |
| Perpetrators |  Armenian Revolutionary Federation |
| Motive | Revenge for the Hamidian massacres |
Background
editThe assassination attempt was motivated by the events of the Hamidian massacres and Sultan Abdul Hamid II's anti-Armenian policies.[2]
Armenian resistance within the Ottoman Empire was planned by the Armenian national liberation movement, including the First Sassoun resistance of 1894, the First Zeitun Resistance in 1895, the Defense of Van in June 1896. The 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover was the seizure of the Ottoman Bank on 26 August by members of the ARF in an effort to raise further awareness with twenty-eight armed men and women led primarily by Papken Siuni and Armen Karo who took over an enterprise largely employing European personnel from Great Britain and France.
Generally, the ARF used the far-left tactics of that time, including direct action, guerilla fighting, assassination attempts against people seen as threats to the Armenian people or to the ARF. This would culminate later, during the Nemesis Operation, where the ARF killed some of the individuals responsible for the genocide.
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Activity
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Planning
editThe ARF planned the assassination attempt on the sultan to enact vengeance. Dashnak members, led by ARF founder Christapor Mikaelian, secretly started producing explosives and planning the operation in Sofia, Bulgaria. During planning, the explosives were made at the improvised bomb-making factory in the village of Sablyar, near the Bulgarian town of Kyustendil. Mikaelian, alongside his friend Vramshabouh Kendirian, died in an accidental explosion. Despite losing the instigators of the operation, it continued as planned.
Abdul Hamid II would pray every Friday at the Yildiz mosque and would usually leave around the same time each visit, creating a pattern in his movement. Taking advantage of this, the ARF planned to hide timed explosives in a carriage parked outside the mosque which were to explode at the time that the Sultan left the mosque. It was decided that Zareh, a fedayee and participant in the Ottoman Bank takeover, would drive the carriage.
Attempt
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On 21 July 1905, Zareh drove the carriage in front of the mosque. He set the timer for the planned 42 seconds, however, Sultan Abdul Hamid didn't show up on time because he got caught up in a conversation with his Sheikh ul-Islam, Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi. Instead, Zareh took the bomb and threw it at the Sultan.[3] The bomb went off, killing many, including Zareh but Abdul Hamid escaped injury.[4]
Twenty-five members of the Sultan's entourage were killed while another fifty-eight and a number of civilians in attendance, were wounded.[citation needed]
Aftermath
editIn the ensuing investigation other plots were unearthed.[5] Belgian anarchist Edward Joris was among those who were arrested and convicted, before being released following from the Belgian government.[1] [6] Some Turkish also supported the attempt, like Tevfik Fikret, who wrote a poem asking for the next attempt to be successful.[7] [8] Globally, the assassination attempt further improved the opposition between the Ottoman Empire and the ARF, which would culminate in the Revolution of 1908 where the ARF took an active part supporting the Young Turks, seen at the time as a most progressive movement for the Armenian people.
Scientific research
editIn June 2013 an international workshop about the incident was organized by the University of Antwerp.[9] The presentations were published in 2017 under the title To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Alloul, Houssine; Eldem, Edhem; Smaele, Henk de (20 November 2017). To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II. ISBN 978-1137489319.
- ^ Arman Kirakosian. The Armenian Massacres, 1894-1896: 1894-1896: U.S. media testimony - p. 33.
- ^ Albert Shaw, The American monthly review of reviews, p. 280
- ^ Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA): Armenakan, Hunchaks and Dashnaktsutiun: Revolutionary Parties; Terror as Method. Nationalism Spreads From the Church to Secular Organizations
- ^ Political Science Quarterly, Published 1905, v. 20 p. 774
- ^ Christophe Verbruggen, Schrijverschap in de Belgische belle époque: een sociaal-culturele geschiedenis (Ghent and Nijmegen, 2009), pp. 161-166
- ^ Tevfik Fikret, Bir Lâhza-i Ta’ahhur : "Ey şanlı avcı, damını bihûde kurmadın. Attın fakat yazık ki, yazıklar ki, vurmadın"
- ^ Anarchists and Anarchism in the Ottoman Empire, 1850-1917, Axel B. Çorlu : "Tevfik Fikret, the eloquent poet, journalist and intellectual of late nineteenth, early twentieth century İstanbul, wrote the poem including this fragment after the failed assassination attempt on Abdülhamid II by Belgian anarchist Edward Jorris and Armenian ARF members, led by Kristofor Mikaelyan. Fikret was genuinely disillusioned by the failure of the attempt directed at the sultan, whom he hated, and hoped for another, successful attempt."
- ^ Dadyan, Saro. "The Assassination Attempt on Abdülhamid II". Academia. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
Bibliography
edit- Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, C. hador [Armenian History, volume III], Athens, Greece, 1996, pg. 48.