Yakgwa (약과; 藥菓), also called gwajul (과줄), is a type of yumil-gwa, which is deep-fried, wheat-based hangwa (Korean confection) made with honey, cheongju (rice wine), sesame oil, and ginger juice.[2] Traditionally, the sweet was offered in a jesa (ancestral rite) and enjoyed on festive days such as chuseok (harvest festival), marriages, or hwangap (sixtieth-birthday) celebrations.[2][3][4] In modern South Korea, it is also served as a dessert and can be bought at traditional markets or supermarkets.[5][6]
.jpg) | |
| Alternative names | Gwajul |
|---|---|
| Type | Yumil-gwa |
| Place of origin | Korea |
| Associated cuisine | Korean cuisine |
| Main ingredients | Wheat flour, honey, sesame oil |
| 67.5 kcal (283 kJ)[1] | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 약과 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 藥菓 |
| Revised Romanization | yakgwa |
| McCune–Reischauer | yakkwa |
| IPA | [jak̚.k͈wa] |
Etymology
editYakgwa (약과; 藥菓), consisting of two syllables, yak (약; 藥; "medicine") and gwa (과; 菓; "confection"), means "medicinal confection".[7] This name comes from the large amount of honey that is used to prepare it,[4][8] because pre-modern Koreans considered honey to be medicinal and so named many honey-based foods yak ("medicine").[7]
"Honey cookie" is a common English translation for this confection's name.[9]
History
editYakgwa is a food with a long history. It was made for Buddhist rites during the Later Silla era (668–935).[10] It was popular during the Goryeo Dynasty and was enjoyed by royal families, aristocrats, temples, and private houses.[11] During the Goryeo era (918–1392), yakgwa was used for pyebaek (a formal greeting) in the wedding ceremony of Goryeo kings and Yuan princesses.[12]
Yakgwa was originally made in the shape of birds and animals, but it became flatter for ease of stacking during the Joseon era (1392–1897).[12] Each pattern signifies a wish; butterflies represent a happy marriage, bats bring fortune, and pine trees symbolize the beginning of a new year. One would print a lotus for harmony and a pomegranate for fertility. Then, in the Joseon Kingdom, it was simplified into a sphere. However, the balls were not suitable for presenting at the table for ancestral rites. So it transformed into a cube. Eventually, the yakgwa was stylized to take its current shape, round with a rippled edge.[13]
In pre-modern Korea, yakgwa was mostly enjoyed by the upper classes, as wheat was a rare and cherished ingredient, and honey was also regarded highly.[5] Today yakgwa is common to serve with tea, but can also be gifts for special occasions.
Research and further developments
editA report released by the food science and biotechnology department in Inha University, South Korea researched effects of Jupcheong (soaking syrup) with and without ginger powder in the yakgwa recipe and then storing it for a few weeks. The dough pieces were deep fried in soy bean oil at 90 to 150 °C, soaked in syrup with and without ginger powder, and lastly stored at 30 °C in the dark for 8 weeks. It was found that jupcheong, especially with ginger, could improve the lipid oxidative stability of yakgwa by higher protection of tocopherols and lignans than polyphenols from degradation, and tocopherols were the most important antioxidants in reducing lipid oxidation of yakgwa. The use of ginger powder instead of the traditional ginger juice used in the recipe helps support the lipid oxidative in yakgwa. The lipid oxidative in yakgwa deteriorates fat and has other health benefits.[14]
Additionally, in 2014 the Dong Eui University academic cooperation foundation and Sancheon Korea medicine yakchs patent application for health functional yakgwa. The Korean intellectual released the following abstract, "The present invention relates to a health functional fried honey cake using medicinal plants and a method for manufacturing the same. The health functional fried honey cake according to the present invention is manufactured by being baked in an oven instead of a traditional way using Eucommia, monarchy, Angelica, mulberry leaves, or tea powder, thereby reducing more calories and fat than when fried honey cake is manufactured by the traditional way and improving antioxidant functions, flavor, and health."
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Yakgwa" 약과. Korean Food Foundation (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2017-08-19. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ a b Goldstein, Darra, ed. (2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-19-931339-6. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ "Yakgwa" 약과. Doopedia (in Korean). Doosan Corporation. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ a b Roufs, Timothy G.; Roufs, Kathleen Smyth (2014). Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-61069-220-5. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ a b Yeon, Dana (3 February 2011). "Traditional Korean Cookie Delights". The Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ Korea Tourism Organization (23 December 2015). "A Bite of Sweetness! Korean Desserts". Stripes Korea. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ a b Wood, Alecia (29 June 2016). ""Fairy floss with butterscotch, caramel and vanilla": meet the exciting single-flower honeys of Australia". SBS. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ 염, 초애. "Yakgwa" 약과. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ Morueats (10 August 2016). "A Taste of Seoul: 25 Must-Try, Popular Korean Snacks That You'll Love!". Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "Hangwa[Korean Sweets]". Korean Food Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
- ^ "약과". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2021-06-20.
- ^ a b Yoon, Seo-seok (2008). Festive Occasions: The Customs in Korea. Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 9788973007813. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ Hyun-gi, Noh (19 January 2012). "Art and history of 'hangwa". The Korea Times.
- ^ Ah-lee, Kyung (2019). "Effects of jupcheong (soaking in syrup) with ginger powder on the lipid oxidation and antioxidant stability of yakgwa (Korean deep-fried confection)". Food Science and Biotechnology. 28 (2): 329–335. doi:10.1007/s10068-018-0471-5. PMC 6431320. PMID 30956844.