The Battle of Jieqiao, also known as the Battle of Jie Bridge, was fought between the warlords Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan in late 191 or early 192 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. It was the first significant clash of arms between the rival warlords in the contest for dominion of Ji and Qing provinces in northern China. The site of the battle is generally considered to be a site east of Guangzong County, Julu Commandery (present-day Wei County, Xingtai, Hebei).
| Battle of Jieqiao | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the wars at the end of the Han dynasty | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Yuan Shao | Gongsun Zan | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Yuan Shao Qu Yi Tian Feng |
Gongsun Zan Yan Gang †[2] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Less than Gongsun Zan[3] | 30,000 infantry,[4] 10,000 cavalry[5] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown but heavy, at least 1,000[6] | ||||||
  Location within Hebei  Battle of Jieqiao (China) | |||||||
| Battle of Jieqiao | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 界橋之戰 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 界桥之战 | ||||||
| |||||||
Background
editLate in the winter of 191, following a victorious campaign against remnants of the Yellow Turban rebels, Gongsun Zan took the pretext of his cousin Gongsun Yue's death in the Battle of Yangcheng to declare war on Yuan Shao. His army marched southwest between the Qing and Yellow rivers into Ji Province. Very quickly a number of cities under Yuan's control were compelled to change sides. Yuan Shao hurriedly made conciliatory gestures, in a bid to forestall a full blown war. He gave his official position as Grand Administrator of Bohai to Gongsun Fan, a cousin of Gongsun Zan. Gongsun Fan, however, took the Bohai garrison to join his clansman.
Battle
editSoon, Yuan Shao himself came in force and the two sides met 40 km south of Jie Bridge, a crossing on the Qing River. Gongsun Zan's army had a reported strength of 40,000, consisting of 30,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. He arrayed his infantry in a square and divided his cavalry between the left and right wings. In the centre were placed his "white horse volunteers" (白馬義從), an elite mounted unit which formed the core of his fighting force. Whilst the numbers may have exaggerated, their appearance must have been impressive; Records of Heroes describes how their "flags and armour lit up Heaven and Earth". Though Yuan Shao's army was of comparable size, it consisted almost entirely of infantry. His commander Qu Yi was placed at the vanguard with 800 crack troops and 1,000 crossbowmen. Behind them stood masses of footsoldiers, numbering in the tens of thousands, commanded by Yuan Shao himself.[7]
Observing that Yuan's vanguard was thinly spread, Gongsun Zan ordered a charge by his cavalry. The aim was to "break the enemy line" - destroying the core of an opposing army and then rolling up its retreating multitudes. Qu Yi's men hid behind their shields and awaited the onslaught. When Gongsun's cavalry was a mere ten paces away, the crossbowmen let loose waves of bolts, followed by the foot soldiers, who rose with their spears. After a general melée, the front of Yuan Shao's line was littered with fallen horses and Gongsun Zan's dead. Gongsun's general Yan Gang (嚴綱) was killed in the fighting. Yuan Shao's army is said to have taken 1,000 heads. Having failed to breach the enemy line, Gongsun's cavalry wheeled around and streamed away from the battle, followed by the infantry.[8]
Gongsun Zan attempted to rally and hold the line at the Qing River. His rearguard clashed with Qu Yi's men at Jie Bridge and were driven into retreat. The abandoned Gongsun camp was quickly overrun, its yak tail standard lost.[9]
Seeing that Gongsun was all but defeated, Yuan Shao advanced with a bodyguard of several tens of crossbowmen and a hundred men-at-arms. He was caught by surprise by 2,000 horsemen who had been detached from Gongsun Zan's main force. According to the Records of Heroes, the aide-de-camp Tian Feng was about to support Yuan Shao behind a low wall for refuge. Yuan threw his helmet to the ground, and said, "A real man should die in front of the ranks. To be idle behind a wall: that is no way to live!" The enemy horsemen, ignorant of Yuan Shao's identity, were beginning to withdraw when Qu Yi arrived on the scene to drive them away.[10] This story, somewhat detached from the main battle sequence, emphasizes Yuan Shao's bravery.
Aftermath
editThe Battle of Jieqiao halted the southern advance of Gongsun Zan but it was by no means decisive in the protracted struggle between Gongsun and Yuan which lasted until 199. Gongsun returned a year later, in the winter of 192, along the same route. Even though the battle was a setback for Gongsun Zan, it did not significantly impact his army. Many of the soldiers who fled found their way back to Gongsun in the days and weeks after the battle.
The battle is unique in that it is described in detail in Pei Songzhi's annotations to Records of Three Kingdoms.[11] The arrangement of the armies and the tactics used, usually neglected by traditional Chinese histories, are reasonably clear. The battle demonstrates the ineffectiveness of even an experienced cavalry force against a disciplined infantry unit with competent leadership. It is also significant to note that although the numbers involved are very high, the actual fighting is decided by only a small elite portion of the entire army. Once the core was defeated, the demoralized masses quickly follow.
References
edit- ^ The 10th to 12th months of the 2nd year of the Chu'ping era corresponds to 5 Nov 191 to 31 Jan 192 in the Julian calendar. Vol.60 of Zizhi Tongjian recorded that the battle took place in early 192 instead. In vol.03 of Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, Sima Guang dated the battle to the spring (1st to 3rd months) of the 3rd year of the Chu'ping era; Emperor Xian's biography in Houhanshu also dated the battle to the same period. The period corresponds to 1 Feb to 29 Apr 192 in the Julian calendar.
- ^ Gongsun Zan's biography in Sanguozhi recorded that Yan Gang was captured alive. (绍军广川，令将麹义先登与瓒战，生禽纲。) Sanguozhi, vol.08. In vol.03 of Zizhi Tongjian Kaoyi, Sima Guang noted that in Jiuzhou Chunqiu, Yan Gang's name was recorded as "Liu Gang" (刘纲).
- ^ (瓒轻其兵少，...) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.60
- ^ (瓒兵三万，...) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.60
- ^ Yuan Shao's biography in Book of the Later Han recorded that Gongsun Zan's troops were about 30000, including 10000 cavalry. (瓒兵三万，列为方陈，分突骑万匹....) Houhanshu, vol.74, part 1
- ^ (瓒军大败.... 获甲首千馀级。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.60
- ^ (公孫瓚擊青州黃巾賊，大破之，還屯廣宗，改易守令，冀州長吏無不望風響應，開門受之。紹自往征瓚，合戰于界橋南二十里。瓚步兵三萬餘人為方陳，騎為兩翼，左右各五千餘匹，白馬義從為中堅，亦分作兩校，左射右，右射左，旌旗鎧甲，光照天地。義久在涼州，曉習羌鬥，兵皆驍銳。瓚見其兵少，便放騎欲陵蹈之。義兵皆伏楯下不動，未至數十步，乃同時俱起，揚塵大叫，直前衝突，彊弩雷發，所中必倒，臨陳斬瓚所署冀州刺史嚴綱甲首千餘級。令麴義以八百兵為先登，彊弩千張夾承之，紹自以步兵數萬結陳于後。瓚軍敗績，步騎奔走，不復還營。義追至界橋；瓚殿兵還戰橋上，義復破之，遂到瓚營，拔其牙門，營中餘眾皆復散走。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.06
Rough translation: Yuan Shao moved to attack Gongsun Zan and the two sides met in battle twenty li south of Jie Bridge. Gongsun Zan had thirty thousand foot soldiers in square formation and ten thousand horsemen split into left and right wings. His White Cavalry Volunteers followed in the center. They split in two, the left riding right, and the right riding left. Their armour and flags shined with brilliance, lighting up heaven and earth. Yuan Shao sent Qu Yi against them with eight hundred soldiers while a thousand crossbowmen on either side supported his advance. Yuan Shao himself led tens of thousands of soldiers from the rear. Qu Yi had resided in Liangzhou for a long time and was familiar with the way of war as practiced by the Qiang tribes. Seeing Qu Yi's small force, Gongsun Zan sent cavalry to crush them. Qu Yi's troops hid behind their shields and made no move until the enemy were ten or twenty yards away; then they leapt up together, their cries shaking the ground, rushing forward with crossbows shooting bolts like thunder, killing all who were struck, and completely defeated Gongsun Zan's army...... killing more than a thousand armed men, Yuan Shao's troops maintained their pursuit to Jie Bridge. Gongsun Zan rallied his troops to turn and fight, but Qu Yi again defeated them. Reaching Gongsun Zan's camp, they captured his standard and the rest of his army took flight. - ^ Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.06
- ^ Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.06
- ^ (绍在后，未到桥十数里，下马发鞍，见瓒已破，不为设备，惟帐下彊弩数十张，大戟士百馀人自随。瓒部迸骑二千馀匹卒至，便围绍数重，弓矢雨下。别驾从事田丰扶绍欲郤入空垣，绍以兜鍪扑地曰：“大丈夫当前斗死，而入墙间，岂可得活乎？”彊弩乃乱发，多所杀伤。瓒骑不知是绍，亦稍引郤；会麹义来迎，乃散去。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.06. This anecdote was also recorded in Yuan Shao's biography in Book of the Later Han.
- ^ Pei cited Wang Can's Yingxiong Ji for details of the battle. In the original Sanguozhi, Chen Shou did not mention the Battle of Jieqiao.
- Chen Shou. Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 6 (Biography of Yuan Shao), Volume 8 (Biography of Gongsun Zan)
- Pei Songzhi, Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms.
- Fan Ye. Book of the Later Han, Volume 73 (Biography of Gongsun Zan), Volume 74, part 1 (Biography of Yuan Shao).
- Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 60.