Yarchen Gar (Tibetan: ཡ་ཆེན་སྒར་, Wylie: ya chen sgar), officially known as "Yaqên Orgyän Temple" (Tibetan: ཡ་ཆེན་ཨོ་རྒྱན་བསམ་གདན་གླིང་།, THL: Yachen Orgyen Samden Ling), is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery of the Nyingma school, with an educational institute and residential community in western Sichuan, China. The majority of its Tibetan and Chinese residents are nuns, leading to it being called the "City of Nuns".[1][2] By the end of 2019, more than half of their residences had been demolished by Chinese authorities.[citation needed]
Location and history
editYarchen Gar lies 4000m above sea level in an isolated valley of Pelyul County, 400 kilometres (250 mi) west of Chengdu in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, known as Kham. At its height, its sangha of an estimated 10,000 nuns, monks and lay practitioners[3] was considered the largest concentration of monastics in the world.[citation needed]
The monastery is dedicated to the preservation of Tibetan Buddhist culture after the Cultural Revolution.[4] The nuns at Yarchen Gar are also known for their practice of Tummo in the winter, in individual retreat cabins on the hillsides.[2]
Demolitions and re-education
editOwing to the expanding influence of Tibetan Buddhism, the monks and nuns of Yarchen Gar are seen as a threat to Chinese plans to "sinicinize religions".[4] Evictions of monks and nuns began in 2001 after residences were demolished.[4] In August 2017,[4][5] a further 2000 residences were torn down and a similar number of nuns and monks evicted by Chinese authorities.[6][7]
The monastery has periodically been closed to foreigners, and was again closed in April 2019. In the following month of May, forced removals of 7,000 residents began,[3] and in July at least 3,000 nuns' residences were demolished.[3] By August 2019, a large swathe of the nun's area had been cleared, likely to pave the way for tourist infrastructure according to Free Tibet.[8]
The evicted nuns and monks were then detained in political re-education centers[4][9] and forced to participate in patriotic exercises. There have been reports of sexual violence being used against nuns and of torture of both nuns and monks.[4] About seventy nuns and monks were confined in Jomda County and forced to undergo "patriotic re-education", during which nuns were beaten[3] and not allowed to wear their robes.[10][3]
A similar program was carried out at another monastery, Larung Gar.[11][better source needed] Many of the evicted monks and nuns from Larung Gar subsequently relocated to Yarchen Gar.[4][10]
In 2017, China's demolitions and evictions were condemned by six United Nations human rights experts in an unusual collaboration.[12] The U.S. Department of State expressed concern over the ongoing destruction at Yarchen Gar and Larung Gar in 2018.[13]
References
edit- ^ "Sichuan's remote Yarchen Gar monastery, where Buddhist monks and nuns suffer on the path to enlightenment". TODAY. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ a b "Hardship, enlightenment in Sichuan's crowded 'City of Nuns'". South China Morning Post. 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ a b c d e Thomas, David (2019-08-28). "New photos of Yachen Gar shedding more light on China's repression in Tibet". Tibet post International. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g Choedon, Tashi. "Navigating the experiences of detained Tibetan Nuns of Yachen Gar in Tibet". tibetpolicy.net. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ Wong, Edward (2016-11-08). "In Remote Settlement High on Tibetan Plateau, Buddhist Spirituality Soars". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ Craig Lewis, Reports of Residential Demolitions at Yarchen Gar Monastic Community in China, (21 August 2017), https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/reports-of-residential-demolitions-at-yarchen-gar-monastic-community-in-china
- ^ "Mass Evictions Reported at Yarchen Gar Buddhist Monastery in China's Sichuan Province". Buddhistdoor Global. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ "China has destroyed large areas of one of Tibet's biggest Buddhist sites, satellite images reveal". Free Tibet. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ tibetanreview (2019-07-03). "China rounds up Tibetan monks and nuns expelled by it at re-education detention centres". Tibetan Review. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ a b "New Images Reveal Extent of Demolitions at Yarchen Gar Buddhist Monastery". Buddhistdoor Global. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ Thousands of Tibetan monks and nuns ordered to leave remote encampment, 20 June 2001
- ^ Wong, Edward (2017-02-27). "U.N. Human Rights Experts Unite to Condemn China Over Expulsions of Tibetans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
- ^ Staff Reporter (2018-04-27). "US State Department Calls for the Immediate Release of Tibet's Panchen Lama". Central Tibetan Administration. Retrieved 2022-09-15.