This is a timeline of European Union history and its previous development.
Distinct periods
editIndividual years
editKey events
edit- 1948 – Treaty of Brussels establishing the Western Union;
- 1948 – Formation of the International Authority for the Ruhr
- 1949 – Treaty of London establishing the Council of Europe
- 1950 – Schuman Declaration proposes pooling French and German markets for coal and steel
- 1951 – Treaty of Paris creates the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
- 1954 – Paris Agreements; Western Union transformed into Western European Union
- 1957 – Treaty of Rome creates European Economic Community (by "The Six": Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany)
- 1963 – Ankara Agreement initiated a three-step process toward creating a Customs Union which would help secure Turkey's full membership in the EEC.
- 1963 – Charles de Gaulle vetoes UK entry
- 1967 – ECSC, EEC and Euratom merged
- 1973 – Accession of Denmark, Ireland and the UK
- 1979 – First direct elections to Parliament
- 1981 – Accession of Greece
- 1985 – Delors Commission, Greenland leaves Community.
- 1986 – Single European Act; Accession of Portugal and Spain; flag adopted
- 1989 – The fall of the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe
- 1992 – Maastricht Treaty formally called the Treaty on European Union - The European Union is born and Euro was introduced as the fellow currency (Denmark and the UK are not included in the EMU (European Monetary Union)).
- 1993 – Copenhagen criteria defined
- 1995 – Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden; Schengen area established
- 1997 – Treaty of Amsterdam
- 1999 – Fraud in the Commission results in resignation
- 1999 - The Euro as an 'accounting currency' officially replaces twelve national currencies
- 2002 – Euro banknotes and coins physically replace the twelve national currencies
- 2003 – Treaty of Nice
- 2004 – Accession of ten countries (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia); signing of Constitution
- 2005 – France and the Netherlands reject the Constitution after own internal referendums (for France it was a binding one only)
- 2005 – Accession negotiations for full membership started with Croatia and Turkey.
- 2007 – Accession of Bulgaria and Romania
- 2009 – Lisbon Treaty abolishes the three pillars of the European Union
- 2013 – Accession of Croatia
- 2016 – UK holds a Membership Referendum and votes to leave the European Union
- 2017 – Negotiations between UK and the EU officially started in June 2017
- 2017 – Start of Brexit: On 29 March 2017, the Government of the United Kingdom invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. The UK was due to leave the EU on 29 March 2019 at 11 p.m. GMT, when the period for negotiating a withdrawal agreement was set to end
- 2020 – UK leaves the EU after the Brexit withdrawal agreement takes effect on 31 January 2020 at 11 p.m. GMT
- 2022 – Granted full candidacy status with Ukraine and Moldova.
- 2024 – Accession negotiations for full membership started with Moldova and Ukraine.
Structural evolution
editSince the end of World War II, sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the European integration project or the construction of Europe (French: la construction européenne). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the European Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration.
| Legend: S: signing F: entry into force T: termination E: expiry de facto supersession Rel. w/ EC/EU framework: de facto inside outside |
 European Union (EU)
|
[Cont.] | ||||||||||||||||
| European Communities (EC)
|
(Pillar I) | |||||||||||||||||
| European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) | [Cont.] | |||||||||||||||||
 /  /  /  European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
|
||||||||||||||||||
| European Economic Community (EEC) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Schengen Rules | European Community (EC) | |||||||||||||||||
| 'TREVI' | Justice and Home Affairs (JHA, pillar II) | |||||||||||||||||
 /  North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
|
[Cont.] | Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC, pillar II) | ||||||||||||||||
  Anglo-French alliance |
[Defence arm handed to NATO] | European Political Co-operation (EPC) | Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP, pillar III) | |||||||||||||||
 Western Union (WU)
|
 /  Western European Union (WEU)
|
[Tasks defined following the WEU's 1984 reactivation handed to the EU] | ||||||||||||||||
| [Social, cultural tasks handed to CoE] | [Cont.] | |||||||||||||||||
| Council of Europe (CoE)
| ||||||||||||||||||
Entente Cordiale
S: 8 April 1904 |
Davignon report
S: 27 October 1970 |
European Council conclusions
S: 2 December 1975 |
||||||||||||||||
- ^ a b c d e Although not EU treaties per se, these treaties affected the development of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was de facto superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT). The Brussels Treaty was terminated in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the mutual defence clause that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus de facto superseded the WEU.
- ^ Plans to establish a European Political Community (EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the Treaty establishing the European Defence Community (EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.
- ^ The European Communities obtained common institutions and a shared legal personality (i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).
- ^ The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's legal basis, and are also referred to as the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.
- ^ Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of three pillars, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.
- ^ The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities' legal personality and that the pillar system was abolished, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a distribution of competencies between EU institutions and member states. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and qualified majority voting is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly supranational and partly intergovernmental nature.
See also
editExternal links
edit- A timeline of the EU – BBC News.
- The history of the European Union – Europa
- European Union Politics Timeline - Oxford University Press: European Union Politics Resource Centre
- Archival material concerning the history of the European Union can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
