Iosif Ziselovich Begun, sometimes spelled Yosef (born 9 July 1932, Russian: Иосиф Зиселевич Бегун, Hebrew: יוסף ביגון), whose last name is pronounced "bee-goon" and in Russian literally means "runner," is a former Soviet refusenik, prisoner of conscience, human rights activist, author and translator. Over the course of 17 years, Begun was imprisoned three times and spent over eight years in prisons and labor camps as a political prisoner.[1] He was pardoned and freed in 1987 after political pressure from Jewish political organizations and the U.S. Government.
Biography
editBegun was born and grew up in Moscow, Soviet Union. He graduated from the radio technology department of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, in 1957, and the department of mathematics at Moscow State University (the extension school), in 1962. He received a Candidate of Technical Sciences degree and worked as an electronics engineer and a statistician.
From 1971 to 1988, Begun was repeatedly arrested for his political activities. He was dismissed from his job as an engineer in 1971 after having submitted an application to emigrate.[2] After that he began teaching Hebrew, but since this was not regarded as useful work, he was arrested on charges of social parasitism, and sent into exile in Siberia.[2] One of his early arrests, in 1972, was during a 10-day Moscow visit by President Richard Nixon.[further explanation needed][citation needed] After his first two labor camp terms, he was forced to live beyond the 101st kilometre from Moscow, in Strunino Village, Vladimir Oblast. He advocated for the free emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel. In 1982, he received a seven-year sentence for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda." His actual crime was writing descriptions of the situation of Soviet Jews that the authorities deemed to be anti-Soviet.[2] His struggles led to wide protests in the West, by NCSJ and other Jewish organizations, and to U.S. diplomatic protestations. In the coverage of his case by various media outlets, he was described as a Jewish activist,[3] or, in one instance, as a "leader of the Jewish emigration movement."[4]
In February 1987 refusenik protests against Begun's continuing imprisonment took place on Arbat Street in downtown Moscow. The protesters, among them Begun's son Boris Begun, Begun's wife Inessa Begun, veteran refusenik Emilia Shrayer and other refuseniks, were attacked and beaten by KGB agents in plain sight of onlookers and foreign journalists.[5][6][7] Following the refusenik protests, Begun's release from prison was announced on 16 February 1987 by Georgy Arbatov, a member of the Central Committee, in a Face the Nation interview on CBS.[8]
In January 1988, a year after he was freed, Begun and his family were permitted to immigrate to Israel.[9] In May 1988, President Ronald Reagan invited and honored Iosif Begun at the White House.[10]
Begun's arrest, trial and imprisonment were followed and recorded by Amnesty International.[11] He was fully rehabilitated in 1992, and got back his Russian citizenship in 2001.[12] Haifa University awarded Begun an honorary doctorate "in recognition of his continued struggle to make Aliyah."[13]
Begun settled in Jerusalem, and as of 2010 was running a small publishing house specializing in the translation of Jewish books into Russian.[14][15]
Legacy
edit- President Reagan kept a silver “Prisoner Of Zion” bracelet, engraved with the name “Yosef Begun” on his desk in the White House.[16] Reagan later gave the bracelet to Begun at their 1988 White House meeting.[17]
- He was one of the two Jews mentioned by Elie Wiesel in his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, the other being Ida Nudel[18]
- Begun is the subject of short documentary "Iosef Begun - Human Rights Limited", made in 1980s.
- Begun is a subject of a documentary film "Refusenik", directed by Laura Bialis.[19]
- Begun is a subject of the film "Through Struggle You Will Gain Your Rights”.[20][21]
- Begun is the subject of a long Russian-language poem, "Runner Begoon" (1987), by the author and former refusenik David Shrayer-Petrov. An English translation by Maxim D. Shrayer is available in print.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Jackson, James O. "Soviet Union A Day in the Depths of the Gulag." Time Magazine. March 9, 1987.
- ^ a b c "Iosif Begun, a Defiant Man." The New York Times. February 13, 1987.
- ^ Bohlen, Celestine. "Soviet Shift on Visas Raises Hopes, Concerns of 'Refusedniks'." The Washington Post. April 18, 1985.
- ^ King, Wayne, and Irvin Molotsky. "Rally for a Soviet Jew." The New York Times. January 31, 1987.
- ^ Whittaker, Mark, with Robert B. Cullen. "Countering Gorbachev." Newsweek. February 23, 1987.
- ^ Shrayer, Maxim D. Leaving Russia: A Jewish Story. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2013. pp. 248-257.
- ^ Goldstein, Steve. "Crowd Derides Moscow Protesters." The Philadelphia Inquirer. February 10, 1987.
- ^ Barringer, Felicity. "Soviet Announces A Jewish Dissident Has Been Released." The New York Times. February 16, 1987.
- ^ "Begun Leaves Soviet, Ending 17-Year Emigration Struggle." The New York Times. January 19, 1988.
- ^ Reagan, Ronald. "Remarks at a White House Briefing on Religious Freedom in the Soviet Union." May 3, 1988. Accessible from Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. In the official photograph, Begun is on the right.
- ^ A Chronicle of Current Events.(PDF)
- ^ As Former Refuseniks Reminisce, They Think About a New Movement Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, NCSJ, December 23, 2001.
- ^ Honorary Doctorate Conferees
- ^ Mark, Jonathan. "An Outlaw in Autumn: Yosef Begun, the old prisoner of Zion, still defiant." The Jewish Week. May 18, 2010.
- ^ Kraft, Dina. Yosef Begun making up for lost time." Jewish Telegraphic Agency. November 20, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ Jeff Jacoby, When They Come For Us, We'll Be Gone, Townhall.com, March 3, 2011.
- ^ Soviet Refusnik Yosef Begun Addresses 11th and 12th Grade
- ^ Text of Elie Wiesel's acceptance speech, PBS
- ^ Review in the Jewish Magazine, August 2008.
- ^ Russian Division Author Event: The Refusenik Movement: From the Outside and Inside
- ^ "Yosef Begun- One of the Greatest Refusenik "Outlaws" of the Last Century". Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
Further reading
edit- Jerome E. Singer, The Case of Yosif Begun: Analysis and Documents. [Israel?: publisher not identified], 1979
External links
edit- Begun's speech at NCSJ conference in 1988, C-SPAN video archive.
- Former refusenik comes to terms with Jews who stay put, an interview with Iosif Begun.
- Pictures from 75th birthday banquet. (in Russian)
- Autobiography (in Russian)
- Yosef Begun: Human Rights Limited on YouTube, a documentary about Iosif Begun from the Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive, posted by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Director Piter Winetrob.
- Yosef Begun on YouTube, a video of a speech (in Russian).