Teen magazines are magazines aimed at teenage readers. They usually consist of gossip, news, fashion tips and interviews and may include posters, stickers, small samples of cosmetics or other products and inserts.
The teen magazine industry is overwhelmingly female-oriented. Several publications, such as Teen Ink and Teen Voices, cater to both male and female audiences, although publications specifically targeting teenage boys are rare.[1] Many scholars have critiqued teen magazines, as the topics presented are narrow and only present a limited range of female roles, some believe that they are effective because of the relationship developed between magazine and reader. There is a distinct feminine space that is made by the text itself as editors of teen magazines focus on making the content of their text appropriate to the analytical ability of their readers.
Along with most mainstream magazines, teen magazines are typically sold in print at supermarkets, pharmacies, bookstores and newsstands.
History
editTeen magazines first gained prominence in the United States during the 1940s, with Seventeen magazine being the first known publication geared towards a demographic of teenage girls.[2] Examples of popular magazines during that time include Sassy, YM, CosmoGirl, Teen, and Teen People. Nowadays, popular contemporary American teen magazines include Seventeen, Teen Vogue, J-14, and Tiger Beat.
Teen magazines are produced in many countries worldwide, and are widely popular in Australia, Latin America, Europe, and Asia. In the United Kingdom, Fleetway's Honey (1960–1986) is regarded as having established the sector. Large-scale Canadian teen magazines include the Faze[3] magazine.
Since 1972, teen magazines in the United States have reached out to the African-American market with publications such as Right On! (produced by Sterling-McFadden, which also produces Tiger Beat) and Word Up!.
In the United Kingdom, changes in the way teenagers spend their money (and the fact that there were fewer of them, though they had more cash) led to many casualties in the 1990s because titles were unable to compete with mobile, digital and online media. Magazine publishers have moved down the age range with publications for "tweenagers" (those aged 9 to 13) gaining popularity, such as It's Hot, BOP, J-14 and Tiger Beat.
Audience
editAlthough in the United States, adolescence is generally considered to be the period between the ages 11 and 19, and teen magazines usually cater to people within that range, many readers comprise an even wider age range.[4] According to a 2006 report by Magazine Publishers of America, 78% of teens read magazines.[5] Of the media that adolescents refer to for information about sex, teen magazines are particularly important because they influence knowledge, attitudes, and values about sex and sexuality, especially for teenage girls.[6]
According to Amy S. Pattee, author of The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines, the experience of reading teen magazines can result in heavy psychological impacts on their readers. The covers and content of the latest teen magazines promise adolescent girls dates, beauty, and success.[7] Compared to the rich superstar singer, and the skinniest model shown and praised in the magazine, the reader is most likely to be left with a negative self-image and a heavy desire to aspire to be just like the women they read about.
Subgenres
editTeen magazines tend to be categorised as lifestyle (e.g. Sugar), entertainment (often based on music), or comics.
While some teen magazines focus almost exclusively on music and film stars, others feature more extensive coverage of lifestyle issues and are virtually junior versions of magazines such as Cosmopolitan or Cleo. Cosmopolitan is more focused on readers between the ages of 18 and 25, whereas Seventeen and Teen Vogue are geared towards teenagers and focus more on the bubbly teen gossip, celebrity culture, and newly stated trends on fashion and beauty.
On the web
editIn recent years, rapid technological advancement and the rise of the Internet has led to the emergence of online teen magazines. Examples include Faze in Canada, which is published in both web and print versions, and Rookie, an independently run online magazine and book series founded in 2011 by Editor-in-Chief Tavi Gevinson, which publishes writing, photography, and other forms of artwork by and for teenagers. With a digital format, the accessibility of teen magazines has also greatly increased, reaching readers from a diverse range of backgrounds and nationalities.
In the UK, sales in the teen magazine sector peaked in 1998. Teenagers had many more attractions competing for their cash and their attention, such as media delivered on the web and through mobile phones. Also, the booming celebrity weeklies attracted more teens from ever-younger ages (driven by celebrity TV series). In response to this, in April 2007, National Magazines - publisher of Cosmopolitan and Cosmo Girl! - launched a digital weekly magazine for teens, Jellyfish, in a trial. This was the second attempt in the UK to establish a new online business model, the first being Monkey from Dennis, which aims to sell to men aged 18 to 34. In both cases, readers sign up to be sent the 'eMag' by email. Each issue features interactive elements and 'pages' that can be 'turned'. However, National Magazines closed Cosmo Girl! in June and the Jellyfish experiment was drawn to a close in August.
Critical reception
editThe experience of reading teen magazines can result in heavy psychological impacts on their readers. The covers and content of the latest teen magazines promise adolescent girls dates, beauty, and success[8] As teen magazines are full of images of society's definition of physical perfection, compared to the rich superstar singer, and the skinniest model shown and praised in the magazine, the reader is left with a negative self-image and a heavy desire to aspire to be just like the women they read about.
Teen magazines overtly suggest through content and pictures, how women should look, dress, and act; they more subtly suggest, through exclusion of pictures and content what women should not do, be, or think.[9] The teen magazine, with its images of corporeal perfection and promises of social success, can be seen as evidence of a social ideal to which developing teens may aspire when reading the magazine. Self-development is influenced by an individual's alignment with a social group.[10] Such identification may lead an adolescent to form a mirror group, or clique of her own. As teens seek refuge in a socially safe category; teen magazines in particular offer monthly images of social promise.
Childhood is commonly considered to be a time/space of innocence. Research shows that the over sexualisation in teen magazines is believed to be a contributing factor of pushing girls into adolescence prematurely. Premature adolescence has proven to lead to a wide range of issues including body image, eating disorders, sexual violence, and self-esteem. Teen magazines are not only over sexualized, but sexually ambivalent as well—that is, messages about sex and sexuality contradict each other. For example, Carpenter noted that Seventeen magazine offers traditional scenarios of sex by urging teenage girls to refrain from intercourse until love or marriage is present, yet the same magazine simultaneously offers recreational scenarios of sex in which teenage girls are encouraged to explore their sexuality before marriage and with multiple partners.[11]
Research shows that teen magazines are also having cultural impacts on its readers. Kelley Massoni, author of Modeling Work, considers teen magazines as a possible source for girl's perceptions about the work world, including their own career futures. The labor market in Seventeen-land is heavily skewed towards professional occupations, particularly in the entertainment industry.[12] A close reading of the text reveals four primary messages about the world of work: entertainment careers are a viable and prestigious option, men are the norm as workers, men hold the power, and fashion modeling is the pinnacle of "women's work".
The embarrassing stories column that is popular in most, if not all, teen magazines, is constructed not only to entertain the reader but also to offer behavioral guidance. The texts of these columns, titled, “Say Anything” in YM, “Trauma Rama” in Seventeen, and “Why Me?” in Teen, consist of a collection of embarrassing incidents in the magazine readers’ lives. Readers are encouraged to write to the magazine's editors with their own tales, which, if published, are rated by the magazine staff. These ratings imply an mutual empathy and personal interaction between the author of the story and the reader. When reading of a fellow teen's traumatic experience involving a leaking maxi-pad and a light-colored dress or the humiliation involved in passing loud gas during a silent chemistry test, it does seem as if no barriers exist between the personal and the publishable.[13] These texts included in teen magazines are socially instructive. Clearly, teenaged girls caught “out of control” (making out with a partner, showing off to attract attention, applying makeup with a heavy or an uneducated hand) risk embarrassment and social alienation. The teenage reader, made aware of the risks of certain behaviors in certain scenarios can, by studying these columns, develops a certain understanding of societal rules.[14]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Teen Magazines - Genres". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ "Teen Magazines - History". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ "Faze - Love. Share. Grow". Faze. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
- ^ "Teen Magazines - Home". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ "Teen Magazines - Impact". iml.jou.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
- ^ Vares, Tiina; Jackson, Sue (2015). "Preteen girls, magazines, and the negotiation of young sexual femininity". Gender and Education. 27 (6): 700–713. doi:10.1080/09540253.2015.1078453. S2CID 145427598.
- ^ Pattee, Amy S. (2004-01-01). "Mass Market Mortification: The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines and the Embarrassing Story Standard". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/380851. JSTOR 10.1086/380851. S2CID 143818059.
- ^ Bishop, John Douglas (2000). "Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical?". Business Ethics Quarterly. 10 (2): 371–398. doi:10.2307/3857882. JSTOR 3857882.
- ^ Pattee, Amy S. (2004-01-01). "Mass Market Mortification: The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines and the Embarrassing Story Standard". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/380851. JSTOR 10.1086/380851. S2CID 143818059.
- ^ Pattee, Amy S. (2004-01-01). "Mass Market Mortification: The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines and the Embarrassing Story Standard". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/380851. JSTOR 10.1086/380851. S2CID 143818059.
- ^ Vares, Tiina; Jackson, Sue (2015). "Preteen girls, magazines, and the negotiation of young sexual femininity". Gender and Education. 27 (6): 700–713. doi:10.1080/09540253.2015.1078453. S2CID 145427598.
- ^ Massoni, Kelley (2004). "Modeling Work: Occupational Messages in Seventeen Magazine". Gender and Society. 18 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1177/0891243203259133. JSTOR 4149373. S2CID 145126551.
- ^ Pattee, Amy S. (2004-01-01). "Mass Market Mortification: The Developmental Appropriateness of Teen Magazines and the Embarrassing Story Standard". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1086/380851. JSTOR 10.1086/380851. S2CID 143818059.
- ^ Bishop, John Douglas (2000). "Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical?". Business Ethics Quarterly. 10 (2): 371–398. doi:10.2307/3857882. JSTOR 3857882.
- MagForum.com A comprehensive guide to teen magazines covering the last few decades
- The first cover of Jellyfish can be seen at Archived March 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- Teen Life - Bulgarian lifestyle teen magazine
- 'Jellyfish closure is another blow for teen sector,' Guardian, 14 August 2007: Media.Guardian.co.uk