Yushō disease (油症, lit. 'oil symptoms') was a mass poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which occurred in northern Kyūshū, Japan, in 1968.[1][2][3] In January 1968, rice bran oil produced by Kanemi Company in Kyushu was contaminated with PCBs and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during production. For deodorization, the oil was heated using PCB as the heating medium, circulating through pipes. Due to holes in the pipes, the PCB leaked into the rice bran oil. The contaminated rice bran oil was then sold to poultry farmers for use as a feed supplement and to consumers for use in cooking.[4] In February to March 1968, farmers started reporting that their poultry were dying due to apparent difficulty in breathing; altogether 400,000 birds died.[4] About 14,000 people who had consumed the contaminated rice oil were affected in Japan.[4] More than 500 died.[5] Common symptoms included dermal and ocular lesions, and a lowered immune response.[1][2][6] Other symptoms included fatigue, headache, cough, and unusual skin sores.[7] Additionally, in children, there were reports of poor cognitive development.[1][6][7]
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The PCB that was used as the heating medium leaked from the pipes and mixed into the rice bran oil.
Although a decade had passed, an almost identical case occurred in Taiwan in 1979. Again, rice oil had been heated by pipes that leaked. On this occasion, the condition there was known as Yu-cheng disease (Chinese: 油症; pinyin: yóuzhèng; Wade–Giles: Yu2 cheng4). Similar symptoms and effects of the PCBs and PCDFs were shown, especially in children.[6]
There have been studies undertaken on animals to understand the mechanisms of PCBs and PCDFs and their effects.[1] Scientists discovered that low levels of PCBs could kill fish and other wildlife and as such their use in manufacturing was reduced.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Aoki, Yasunobu (2001). "Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychloronated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans as Endocrine Disrupters—What We Have Learned from Yusho Disease". Environmental Research. 86 (1): 2–11. Bibcode:2001ER.....86....2A. doi:10.1006/enrs.2001.4244. PMID 11386736.
- ^ a b Disease ID 8326 at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases
- ^ Shimanosuke Katsuki, Preface to Yusho Kenkyu Houkokushu, Fukuoka Igakkukai Zasshi, 60, 403-407, 1969.
- ^ a b c "Contamination of rice bran oil with PCB used as the heating medium by leakage through penetration holes at the heating coil tube in deodorization chamber". Hatamura Institute for the Advancement of Technology. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^ Tsukimori, Kiyomi; Tokunaga, Shoji; Shibata, Satoko; Uchi, Hiroshi; Nakayama, Daisuke; Ishimaru, Tadayuki; Nakano, Hitoo; Wake, Norio; Yoshimura, Takesumi; Furue, Masutaka (2008). "Long-Term Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins on Pregnancy Outcomes in Women Affected by the Yusho Incident". Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 (5): 626–630. doi:10.1289/ehp.10686. PMC 2367658. PMID 18470296.
- ^ a b c PCB Baby Studies Part 2 Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Environmental Diseases from A to Z Archived 15 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
edit- "Public Health Implications of Exposure to PCBs". Archived from the original on August 16, 2000.
- Chawla, Raghav (2005). "Dioxin poisoning". Student BMJ. 13: 45–88.
- Seki, Yoshihiko; Kawanishi, Shosuke; Sano, Seiyo (1987). "Mechanism of PCB-Induced Porphyria and Yusho Disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 514 (1): 222–234. Bibcode:1987NYASA.514..222S. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb48777.x. PMID 3126697. S2CID 11384689.