The Yudjá or Juruna are an Indigenous people of Brazil. They were formerly the major tribe along the Xingu River, but are now divided into two groups, a westernized northern group near Altamira, Para near the big bend of the Xingu and a more conservative group in the Xingu Indigenous Park at the headwaters of the Xingu in Mato Grosso. The southern group lives in two villages located near the mouth of the Maritsauá-Mitau River. They fish and raise crops, such as manioc.[2]
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 348 (2010)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Brazil ( Mato Grosso) | |
| Languages | |
| Yudjá, Portuguese[2] | |
| Religion | |
| traditional tribal religion[3] |
Name
edit"Yudjá" is what they call themselves and now the standard name. "Juruna" is an exonym, apparently from Lingua Geral meaning ‘black mouth’ from a kind of face paint or tattoo they formerly used. “Juruna” (Yuruna languages) is also the name of a language group.
Other spellings are Iuruna, Jaruna, Yudya, Yurúna, Juruna, Yuruna, Juruhuna, Jurûna, and Geruna.
Culture
editYudjá makes carinated pots with zoomorphic figures on the rims. The pots are similar to the cambuchi caguaba of the Tupi people.[4]
Population and history
editPopulation estimates are: 1500: 7,000; 1842: 2,000; 1884: 200; 1896: 150; 1916: 52; 1950: 37; 2001: 278 [5]
They were once the major tribe along the Xingu. They encountered the Portuguese some time after 1615 and by about 1750 they had abandoned the lower Xingu. In 1686 they defeated the Portuguese and their Kuruaya allies During the rubber boom a group fled from near the town of São Félix do Xingu south to Mato Grosso. Later they worked for another rubber baron, crewing boats downriver to Altamira. When, in 1916, 22 of these men died they fled further south to what is now the Xingu Indigenous Park. Here they fought the Kamayurá and Suyá and were conquered by the Suya until the Suya were themselves defeated by a Portuguese rubber baron from downstream.
In 1989 only one member of the northern group was able to communicate in Juruna.
Language
editThe Yudjá or Jurúna language belongs to the Yurúna language family, one of the Tupian languages.[2]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Yudjá: Introduction." Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 26 March 2012
- ^ a b c "Jurúna." Ethnologue. 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Yudjá: Cosmology e Shamanism." Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 26 March 2012
- ^ Bonomo, Mariano; Archila, Sonia (2021). South American Contributions to World Archaeology. p. 389. ISBN 9783030739980.
- ^ 1500 from Hemming, Red Gold,1995, p516, others from Os Povos web site. Later figures may exclude the Altamira group and there has been mixture with other tribes.
External links
edit- Jurúna artwork, National Museum of the American Indian
- [https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Yudjá/Juruna English version
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