Juraj Križanić (c. 1618 – 12 September 1683), also known as Jurij Križanič, Yuriy Krizhanich, Iurii Krizhanich,[1] and Yury Krizanitch[2] (Russian: Юрий Крижанич; Latin: Georgius Crisanius,[3][4] Czech: Jiří Križanić,[5] French: Georges Krijanich),[6] was a Croatian Catholic missionary and polymath who is often regarded as the earliest recorded pan-Slavist.[5][7][2] His ideal, often misunderstood - even today - was to bring about a union of the churches, which Rome and Constantinople had tried to do without success for centuries. He believed that this might come about through closer relations between Slavic Catholicism and the Russian Orthodox Church, and supported the idea that all Slavs had a common language and ethnic origin.
Juraj Križanić | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1618 |
| Died | 12 September 1683 Vienna |
| Burial place | Obrh, near Ozalj, Croatia |
| Other names | Georgius Crisanius, Yuriy Krizhanich |
| Education | University of Bologna |
| Occupation | missionary |
| Known for | pan-Slavism |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
However, he was not a pan-Slavist if this meant seeking the political unity of all Slavic peoples under Russian leadership.[8] He considered that the only possible role for the tsar to 'correct' or unify the orthography and script used in Slavic-language books and awaken Slavic consciousness was through works conducive to education and logic. In extremis the South Slavs might join with the Russian tsar as a sovereign of the same language and people if the Catholic rulers supported his leadership in a war against the Ottomans.
After lengthy travels and fifteen years of exile in Siberia, Križanić died, misunderstood and disappointed, in battle during the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683. Although he had no direct followers, Križanić's work influenced many later South Slavic thinkers who championed both reliance on Russia and South Slavic cultural and political unification.
Biography
editEarly life, education, and early missionary work
editKrižanić was born in Obrh, near Ozalj (in present-day Croatia, then part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia) in 1618, a period of political turmoil and of Turkish invasions into Croatia. He attended a Jesuit grammar school in Ljubljana and a Jesuit gymnasium in Zagreb from 1629 to 1635. His father died when he was 17 years old, at approximately the same time he graduated from the gymnasium. He studied in Graz, then began attending the University of Bologna[9] in 1638 to study theology and graduated in 1640. Shortly after graduating Križanić began attending the Greek College of St. Athanasius, a center in Rome for the training of Catholic missionaries who would work with Orthodox Christians; he graduated from this College in 1642. By the end of his life he was proficient in ten languages. While Križanić had a strong desire to travel to Moscow with the ambitious goal of uniting the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches, he was assigned missionary duties in Zagreb, where he taught at the Zagreb Theological Seminary as well as serving as a priest in several neighboring towns.[1]
Time in Russia
editKrižanić managed to secure permission from the papacy for a brief visit to Moscow from 25 October to 19 December 1647[1] as part of a Polish embassy. However, he was not able to secure permission for a prolonged stay in the Tsardom of Russia until 1658 (permission was retracted shortly after being issued, a fact that Križanić simply ignored) and he did not arrive in Moscow until 17 September 1659.[citation needed] One author[10] writes that he pretended to be an Orthodox Serb. He was assigned the duty of translating Latin and Greek documents and of preparing an improved Slavic grammar. However, he was exiled to Siberia on 20 January 1661. The reason for his exile remains unknown. Possible explanations put forward have included the fact that he was a Roman Catholic priest, his criticism of Russian society and of the Greeks, with whom Patriarch Nikon of Moscow (in office: 1652-1666) was attempting reconciliation, and other political and social motives. Križanić postulated that he was exiled because of "some foolish thing" he had said to someone, and that whatever he had said had been mentioned to the authorities.[1]
After having lived roughly a year and a half in the Russian capital, Križanić arrived in Tobolsk in Siberia, on 8 March 1661. He lived there for 15 years, surviving on a state stipend and working on the treatises On Divine Providence, On Politics, and On Interpretation of Historic Prognostications, amongst others. In these books, written in his self-devised "Common Slavonic language" (a Pan-Slavonic grammar named Grammatitchno Iskaziniye that incorporated numerous Slavic languages), he set forth a comprehensive program of reforms proposed for the Russian state, including reforms to administration, Russian serfdom, economic policy, education, grammar, and Russia's primitive agricultural system. Many of the reforms he recommended were in fact carried out by Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725), although there is no concrete evidence of Križanić's direct influence in his doing so. Križanić's Politika which he wrote between 1663 and 1666, was published by Peter Bezsonov (Russia in the Seventeenth Century, 1859–60) and for the first time in English in 1985,[1] and is his most well-known and influential work.
His appeal to the Tsar to head the Slavs in the fight against the Germans shows a remarkable political foresight.[citation needed] Tsar Aleksei died in January 1676; Križanić was freed from exile by the new Tsar, Feodor III,[11] on 5 March 1676.
Final years
editKrižanić remained in Moscow until 1678, when he travelled to Vilnius and later to Warsaw.[12] He lived in Poland and joined the Jesuits. He accompanied a Polish force on its way to liberate besieged Vienna from the Ottomans during the 1683 Battle of Vienna. He died near Vienna on 12 September 1683 while participating with the Ukrainian troops fighting alongside the troops of the Polish king Jan Sobieski in the city's defence against the Turks.[1]
Ideas and theories
editKrižanić was one of the earliest proponents of Pan-Slavism. The language he created and used in his writing was called Ruski jezik ("Russian language"), but in reality it was a mixture of several Slavic languages and was devised to serve as a symbol of and even to promote Slavic unity. He wanted to unite the Slavic nations under the Russian Tsar and unite Catholic and Orthodox against the German Protestants and Turkish Muslims.[10]
A key component of Križanić's theories concerning necessary reforms for the Russian state were his "Five Principles of Power." His five principles were: Full autocracy (essentially absolute monarchy), closed borders, compulsory labor or a ban on idleness, government monopoly of foreign trade, and ideological conformity. Križanić argued that Russia would be strengthened if immigration were tightly restricted and if native Russians were prohibited from leaving the country without justification.[13] The autocrat should use his power to eliminate bad customs, modernize the country and give the nobles and clergy privileges on the model to the Western Ständestaat.[10]
His works, which also include writings on music and economics, were re-discovered and printed in the mid-19th century.
Important works
edit- The Križanić Memorandum of 1641 (1641)
- Asserta Musicalia (1656)[4]
- Gramatično izkazanje ob ruskom jeziku (1659-1666)
- On Politics also known as the Politika (in original "Razgovory o vladatelstvu") (1666)
- On Divine Providence (in original "De Providentia Dei") (1667)
- Holy Baptism (1669)
- An Interpretation of Historical Prophesies (1674)
- Chinese Foreign Trade (1675)
- History of Siberia (1680)
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f John M. Letiche and Basil Dmytryshyn, Russian Statecraft: The Politika of Iurii Krizhanich", Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985
- ^ a b Albe Vidaković, Yury Krizanitch's Asserta musicalia (1656) and his other musical works, Zagreb: Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1967
- ^ Ivan Golub, Juraj Križanić's 'Asserta Musicalia' in Caramuel's newly discovered autograph of 'Musica', International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Dec., 1978), pp. 219-278. Published by: Croatian Musicological Society
- ^ a b Stanislav Tuksar, Two hitherto lost works by Juraj Križanić (Asserta musicalia and Tabulae Novae, exhibentes musicam) found in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France in Paris, Arti musices vol. 45, no. 1, 2014
- ^ a b (in Czech) Radomír Vlček, Ruský panslavismus - realita a fikce. Prague: Historický ústav AV ČR, 2002. s. 43.
- ^ (in French) Paulin-Gérard Scolardi, Krijanich, Messager de l'unité des Chrétiens et du panslavisme, Paris: Éditions A. et J. Picard, 1947
- ^ L. Puškarev, Jurij Križanić, Očerk žizni i tvorčestva, Moskva: Nauka, 1984.
- ^ Goldstein, Ivo, Croatia - A History (2011), Hurst&Company, London, pp 45.
- ^
Scholz, Birgit (2000). Von der Chronistik zur modernen Geschichtswissenschaft: die Warägerfrage in der russischen, deutschen und schwedischen Historiographie. Volume 5 of Veröffentlichungen des Osteuropa-Instituts München: Reihe Forschungen zum Ostseeraum, ISSN 0948-9592 (in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 94. ISBN 9783447043427. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
Es folgte ein Studium der Philosophie in Graz, wobei [Križanić] auch die deutsche Sprache lernte, und ein Studium der Theologie in Bologna, wo er Italienisch lernte.
- ^ a b c Marshall T. Poe, "A People Born to Slavery": Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1476-1748, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2000. pp.181–188
- ^
Golub, Ivan (1983). Juraj Križanić: sabrana građa o 300-obljetnici smrti, 1683-1983. TomVolume 2 of Croatica christiana / Fontes. Zagreb: Kršćanska sadašnjost. p. 311. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
Juraj Križanić, pardoned by the young tsar Fedor Alexeievitch, returned to Moscow from his Siberian exile, and used all his power of persuasion to obtain the permission to leave Russia.
- ^
Steindorff, Ludwig (2020). Geschichte Kroatiens: Vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Regensburg: Verlag Friedrich Pustet. ISBN 9783791761725. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
1676 aus der Verbannung entlassen, gelangte Križanić 1678 nach Polen [...].
- ^ Yuri Druzhnikov, Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism Pg 36-37. Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism by Юрий Дружников
Sources
edit- Vatroslav Jagić: Istoriia slavianskoi filologii, St. Petersburg, 1910
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Krizhanitch, Yuri". New International Encyclopedia. Vol. 11 (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 613.- James H. Billington (29 December 1985). "The First Kremlinologist". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
