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Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)

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Virūḍhaka is a major deity in Buddhism. He is one of the Four Heavenly Kings and a dharmapala.

Virūḍhaka
Sanskritविरूढक
Virūḍhaka
Pāliविरूळ्हक
Virūḷhaka
Burmeseဝိရဠက
Chinese增長天王
(Pinyin: Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng)
Japanese増長天
(romaji: Zōjōten or Zōchōten)
Korean증장천왕
(RR: Jeungjang Cheonwang)
TagalogBirudhaka
Thaiท้าววิรุฬหก
Thao Virunhok"
Tibetanའཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ
Wylie: 'phags skyes po
THL: Pak Kyepo
VietnameseTăng Trưởng Thiên Vương
Information
Venerated byTheravāda

Mahāyāna

AttributesGuardian of the South
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Names

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The name Virūḍhaka comes from the identical Sanskrit term, which refers to sprouting grain. As such, his name means "increase" or "growth.".[1] Other names include:

  • Traditional Chinese: 增長天; simplified Chinese: 増長天; pinyin: Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng; Japanese: Zōjōten or Zōchōten; Korean: 증장천왕 Jeungjang Cheonwang; Tagalog: Birudhaka; Vietnamese: Tăng Trưởng Thiên, a calque of Sanskrit Virūḍhaka
  • Traditional Chinese: 毘楼勒叉; pinyin: Bí lóu lè chā; Japanese: Birurokusha; Korean: 비루늑차Biluneugcha; Vietnamese: Tì Lâu Lặc Xoa. This is a transliteration of the original Sanskrit name.
  • Tibetan: འཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ, Wylie: 'phags skyes po, THL: Pak Kyepo, "Noble Birth"
  • Thai: ท้าววิรุฬหก Thao Virunhok is an honorific plus the modern pronunciation of Pali Virūḷhaka.

Characteristics

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Statue of Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng, in Longquan Temple in Yuyao, Zhejiang, China

Virūḍhaka is the guardian of the southern direction. He lives on the southern part of Sumeru. He is leader of the Kumbhanda and pretas.

Theravāda

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In the Pāli Canon of Theravāda Buddhism, Virūḍhaka is called Virūlha or Virūḷhaka. Virūḷhaka is one of the Cātummahārājāno, or "Four Great Kings," each of whom rules over a specific direction.[2]

China

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In China, Virūḍhaka's name Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng (增長天 lit. Growth King) is a reference to his ability to teach sentient beings to grow in compassion. In Chinese temples, he is often enshrined within the Hall of the Heavenly Kings (天王殿) with the other three Heavenly Kings. In iconographic form, he is clad in armor while brandishing a sword. He is also regarded as one of the Twenty Devas (二十諸天 Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the Twenty-Four Devas (二十四諸天 Èrshísì zhūtiān), a group of Buddhist dharmapalas who manifest to protect the Dharma. [3]

Japan

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In Japan, Zōjōten (増長天) is commonly depicted with a fierce expression. He is clad in armor, often brandishing a sword or spear while trampling a jaki.[4]

 
The Heavenly King Zōchō.

References

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  1. ^ "Virūḍhaka". Wisdom Library. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  2. ^ "Virūlha". Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  3. ^ A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms : with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index. Lewis Hodous, William Edward Soothill. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 2004. ISBN 0-203-64186-8. OCLC 275253538.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ "Zouchouten 増長天". JAANUS. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
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