Zamboangueño people

(Redirected from Zamboangueno)

The Zamboangueño people (Chavacano: Pueblo Zamboangueño), are a creole ethnolinguistic people of the Philippines originating in Zamboanga City. Like most lowland people in the Philippines, the Zamboangueño people are a hispanized people. They are Subanon people who were hispanized and had relationships with other ethnic groups brought in Zamboanga city during the Spanish colonial period. Unlike the hispanized groups in Luzon and the Visayas who retained their indigenous languages, the Zamboangueño were not able to teach their indigenous Subanon language to the younger generation, resulting to the absorption of Spanish as their first language under colonial rule, which eventually led to the development of a creole language called Chavacano. Some places who were heavily hispanized during Spanish rule also speak Chavacano such as Iloilo City, Bacolod, Dumaguete, Cebu City, and Cavite City,[1] although the language most spoken in those cities are the original native languages of the natives, rather than a colonial language. In many cases, the number of people who speak the colonial language of Chavacano in those cities have fallen as the people have gradually re-embraced the language of their indigenous ancestors.[2]

Zamboangueño people
Geographic extent of the Zamboangueño people
Total population
3.5 million
Regions with significant populations
 Philippines
(Zamboanga City, Zamboanga Peninsula, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Metro Manila)

 United States

Worldwide
Languages
Chavacano, Spanish, Cebuano, Taūsug, Yakan, Filipino, English
Religion
predominantly Christianity (Roman Catholic majority and Protestant minority), Islam, Paganism, others

The Zamboangueño people constitute a distinct ethnolinguistic identity under a cultural and historical heritage based mostly on Spanish colonialism and influence, most notably Chavacano, that distinguishes them from neighboring ethnolinguistic groups. Spanish censuses records previously claimed that about a third of the inhabitants of Zamboanga City has some Iberian and Hispanic-American admixture by 1870.[3] This question on genetics was later clarified in 2021. As a result of Spanish colonization, according to a recent genetic study, "4 out of 10 individuals tested among Chavacanos" had large "West Eurasian ancestry" admixture.[4]

History

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The present-day location was Zamboanga city was historically part of the Subanon people's ancestral lands. Under Spanish colonial rule, the colonial official subjugated the indigenous Subanons and instructed the building of Fort Pilar using native people for labor. People from other regions were afterwards sent to the colony. The main purpose of the fort was to expand Spain's colonial rule in the region and to guard the Spanish forces from the Moros (Muslims) who mostly came from the Sulu archipelago. Native laborers from Iloilo City, Cavite City, Cebu City, Bohol, Negros and other islands were brought to the city to build the fort through the polo y servicio, a colonial system which forced natives to become laborers of the Spanish colonizers without any form of compensation. Eventually, these people settled in the city and lived alongside and intermarried with other ethnic groups, primarily the indigenous peoples of Zamboanga, the Subanon. A few Spanish personnel from Spain[5] and Peru were brought to Zamboanga. It is not known if they stayed and intermixed in the city.[6] Later, the people of the city were called Chavacanos or Zamboangueños, who gradually developed a colonial language called Chavacano, a creole which became the city's lingua franca and the official language of the short-lived Republic of Zamboanga during the Philippine Revolution.

Culture

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The Zamboangueño or Chavacano people have their own kinship family system, cultural heritage including fiestas and siestas culture, which are hispanized in nature due to colonialism. There are still Subanon traits in their heritage, which is the basis for their ancestral roots. Their social lives usually revolve around religious practices and traditions such as the bantayanon and fondas, including their bailes, the vals, regodon and paso doble. They are mostly Roman Catholics. The Zamboangueños or Chavacanos in Basilan, who have Yakan and Subanon roots, have developed their own sub-culture.

Language

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The extent of Chavacano speakers in Mindanao.

Chavacano is the lingua franca utilized by the Zamboangueño or Chavacano people due to Spanish colonialism. The original language of the original inhabitsnts is the Subanon language.[7] Nevertheless current inhabitants have a large % of the people from Ternate, Molucas, when the spanish army rescued the christian portuguese speakers of Ternate from the muslim pirates, these guys or their descendants eventually adopted a creole form of spanish.

Courtship etiquette

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Zamboangueño courtship traditions are elaborate and regulated by a long list of required social graces. For example, a perfectly respectable Zamboangueño gentleman (caballero) would not sit unless permitted to do so by the woman's parents, he then had to endure questions pertaining to his family, credentials and occupation. Finally, the courtship curfew and the need to cultivate the goodwill of all the members of the woman's family were paramount considerations before any headway could be made in pursuing the hand of a Zamboangueño/Chavacano woman (señorita’) in marriage.

Dance

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A Zamboangueño woman performing the jota zamboangueña dance.

Zamboangueño songs and dances are derived primarily from Iberian performances. Specifically, the jota zamboangueña, a Zamboangueño version of the quick-stepping flamenco with bamboo clappers in lieu of Spanish castanets, are regularly presented during fiestas and formal tertulias or other Zamboangueño festivities.

Clothing

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Likewise, Zamboangueño traditional costumes are closely associated with Spanish formal dress. Men wear close-necked jackets as they called camiseta Zamboangueña, de bastón pants, and European style shoes, complete with the de-rigueur bigotillos (mustache). Zamboangueño women claim ownership of the mascota, a formal gown with a fitting bodice, her shoulders draped demurely by a luxuriously embroidered, though stiff, pañuelo and fastened at the breast by a brooch or a medal. The skirt tapers down from the waist but continues on to an extended trail called the cola. The cola may be held on one hand as the lady walks around, or it may likewise by pinned on the waist or slipped up a cord (belt) that holds the dainty abanico or purse. The traditional Zamboangueño dress has been limited to formal functions, replaced by the more common shirt, denim jeans, and sneakers for men, and shirts, blouses, skirts or pants, and heeled shoes for women.

Festivals

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There are several important events of the festival that can be witnessed during Holy Week (Chavacano/Spanish: Semana Santa). These include watching films (magá película) about Jesus and his teachings, visitaiglesias, processions, novenas and the climbing and praying of the Stations of the Cross (Estaciones de la Cruz) in Mt. Pulong Bato, Fiesta de Pilar (Spanish: Fiesta del Pilar), a festivity in honour of Our Lady of the Pillar (Zamboangueño: Nuestro Señora de Pilar; Spanish: Nuestra Señora del Pilar) and Zamboanga Day (Día de Zamboanga) and Day of the Zamboangueños (Día del magá Zamboangueño) which is celebrated every August 15 every year for the foundation of Zamboanga city on August 15, 1635.

Zamboangueño celebrate Christmas in so many unique ways such as the villancicos/aguinaldos o pastores this also includes the Día de Navideña and Pascua, Nochebuena, fiestas, vísperas, Diana, Misa, magá juego, processions and feasting.

Cuisine

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Zamboangueño cuisine includes in its repertoire curacha, calamares, tamales, locón, cangrejos, paella, estofado, arroz a la valenciana, caldo de vaca/cerdo/pollo, puchero, caldo de arroz, lechón, jamonadas, endulzados, embutido, adobo, afritadas, menudo, caldereta, jumbá, Leche Flan and many more.

Notable persons

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There are Zamboangueños who are famous for their fields of endeavor, especially in music, entertainment, sports, and politics. These are the following:

References

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  1. ^ Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco (2015). ""Self-identified East Asian nationalities correlated with genetic clustering, consistent with extensive endogamy. Individuals of mixed East Asian-European genetic ancestry were easily identified; we also observed a modest amount of European genetic ancestry in individuals self-identified as Filipinos"
  2. ^ "Look Through: Is the Chavacano language dying in Cavite City?". INQUIRER.net. August 26, 2022.
  3. ^ Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes
  4. ^ Maximilian Larena (January 21, 2021). "Supplementary Information for Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years (Appendix, Page 35)" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. p. 35. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
  5. ^ Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15, 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies) ("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part,boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians. There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva España, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.")
  6. ^ "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."
  7. ^ "El Torno Chabacano". Instituto Cervantes.
  8. ^ Badua, Snow (April 18, 2014). "There's a story behind every jersey number. Find out what No. 14 meant to San Mig guard Mark Barroca". Spin.ph. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  9. ^ "(Billiards and Snooker) Biography Overview: CENTENO Chezka". 28th SEA Games 2015. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  10. ^ Padilla, Jaime (June 9, 2015). "Chezka Centeno: The 15 year old Cueist Sensation". 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^ "Athlete Biography: DIAZ Hidilyn". Beijing2008.cn. The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Archived from the original on August 10, 2008.
  12. ^ "15 Filipinos battle odds, Olympic gold 'curse'". Inquirer.net. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on August 13, 2008.
  13. ^ "City commends Zamboangueño weightlifters". Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  14. ^ "BT: Castaways sa Survivor PHL: Celebrity Doubles Showdown". Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  15. ^ "Newcomer Carlo Gonzalez considers cousin Dingdong Dantes his mentor in showbiz".
  16. ^ "The Spectacular Mid Year Auction 2015" (PDF). leon-gallery.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  17. ^ "Lingganay layup lifts Powerade". Philippine Daily Inquirer. September 25, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  18. ^ "Paroa Pinoy Exchange".
  19. ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com.
  20. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Alfonso Márquez". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016.
  21. ^ Vera, Noel (June 28, 2012). "The Quiet Man Passes". Business World Philippines. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  22. ^ "Mario O'Hara: First an actor, second a writer, and lastly a director". June 28, 2012. Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  23. ^ "O'Hara profile". Archived from the original on September 18, 2010.
  24. ^ "Established rockers form new group". Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation. January 11, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
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