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Sarmizegetusa Regia (also known as Sarmisegetusa, Sarmisegethusa, Sarmisegethuza; Ancient Greek: Ζαρμιζεγεθούσα, romanized: Zarmizegethoúsa) was the capital and the most important military, religious and political centre of the Dacians before the wars with the Roman Empire. Built on top of a 1200 m high mountain, the fortress, consisting of six citadels, was the core of a strategic and defensive system in the Orăștie Mountains (in present-day Romania).
 Ruins of Dacian temples | |
  Shown within Romania | |
| Alternative name | Dacian capital, Sarmisegetusa, Sarmizegethusa,[1] Sarmisegethusa, Sarmisegethuza, Sarmageze,[1] Sarmategte,[1] Sermizegetusa,[1] Zarmizegethusa,[1] Zarmizegethousa,[1] Zarmizegetusa,[1] Zermizegethouse |
|---|---|
| Location | Grădiștea de Munte, Hunedoara County, Romania |
| Coordinates | 45°37′19″N 23°18′33″E / 45.6219°N 23.3093°E |
| Altitude | 1,030 m (3,379 ft) |
| History | |
| Abandoned | 2nd century AD |
| Events | Trajan's Dacian Wars, Battle of Sarmizegetusa |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists | |
| Condition | Partially reconstructed |
| Reference no. | 906 |
| Reference no. | HD-I-s-A-03190 [2] |
Sarmizegetusa Regia should not be confused with Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, the Roman capital of Dacia built by Roman Emperor Trajan some 40 km away, which was not the Dacian capital. Sarmizegetusa Ulpia was discovered earlier, was known already in the early 1900s, and was initially mistaken for the Dacian capital, a confusion which led to incorrect conclusions being made regarding the military history and organization of the Dacians.[3]
Etymology
editSeveral hypotheses have been advanced to explain the origin of the name Sarmizegetusa. The most important of these ascribe the following possible meanings to the city's name:
- 'Center where horse-mounted archers meet' from sar 'horse' (Getian and Sarmatian) combined with gethusa 'arrow' (cognate with Sarmatian sageta) and gethate 'center' (cognate Sarmatian cetate)[4]
- ‘Citadel built of palisades on a mountain peak’ from zermi (*gher-mi ‘mountain peak, top’, cf. *gher ‘stone; high’) and zeget (*geg(H)t)[5]
- ‘City of the warm river’ from zarmi ‘warm’ (cognate with Sanskrit gharma ‘warm’) and zeget ‘flow’ (cognate with Sanskrit sarj- in sarjana- ‘flow’ and Bactrian harez- in harezâna ‘id.’), the city being named after the nearby river Sargetia[6]
- ‘Palace illuminating the world of life’ from zaryma ‘palace’ (cf. Sanskrit harmya ‘palace’), zegeth ‘world of life’ (cf. Sanskrit jagat- ‘go’, and jigat- ‘mobility; world of life’) and usa ‘illuminating, enlightening; burning’)[7]
- 'SARMIS.E[T].GETUSA REGIA' is an alternate spelling of the full Latin name of the location. It translates to, the capital city/royal court of the Sarmatian and Getae/Gets. Getae and Dacians were interchangeable terms. The -A after GETUS is part of the genitive case in Latin, indicating ownership. This is plausible as the Dacians were allied with the Sarmatians (e.g., Roxolani) during the Dacian Wars in the early first century CE.
Layout
edit
Sarmizegetusa Regia contained a citadel and residential areas with dwellings and workshops as well as a sacred zone.[8]
- The fortress, a quadrilateral formed by massive stone blocks (murus dacicus), was constructed on five terraces, on an area of almost 30,000 m².
- The sacred zone — among the most important and largest circular and rectangular Dacian sanctuaries – includes a number of rectangular temples, the bases of their supporting columns still visible in regular arrays. Perhaps the most enigmatic construction at the site is the large circular sanctuary. It consisted of a setting of timber posts in the shape of a D, surrounded by a timber circle which in turn was surrounded by a low stone kerb. The layout of the timber settings bears some resemblance to the stone monument at Stonehenge in England.[9]
- An artifact referred to as the “Andesite Sun" seems to have been used as a sundial. Since it is known that Dacian culture was influenced by contact with Hellenisitic Greece, the sundial may have resulted from the Dacians' exposure to Hellenistic learning in geometry and astronomy.[9]
- Civilians lived below the citadel itself in settlements built on artificial terraces, such as the one at Feţele Albe.[10] A system of ceramic pipes channeled running water into the residences of the nobility.
The archaeological inventory found at the site demonstrates that Dacian society had a relatively high standard of living.
History
editVariants of the name of the city
edit
Historical records show considerable variation in the spelling of the name of the Dacian capital:[11]
- Zarmigethusa, Sarmisegethusa (Ptolemy, Geography, 2nd century AD)
- Zermizegethusa (Dio Cassius 2nd-3rd century)
- Sarmazege (Anonymous Geographer from Ravenna, around 700 AD)
- Sarmategte (Tabula Peutingeriana, 13th century)
- Zarmizegetusa and Sarmizegetusa (from inscriptions)
- Sargetia (name of the river nearby)
Pre-Roman era
editTowards the end of his reign, Burebista transferred the Geto-Dacian capital from Argedava to Sarmizegetusa.[12][13] Serving as the Dacian capital for at least one and a half centuries, Sarmizegethusa reached its zenith under King Decebal. Archeological findings suggest that the Dacian god Zalmoxis and his chief priest had an important role in Dacian society at this time.[14] They have also shed new light on the political, economic and scientific development of the Dacians and their successful assimilation of technical and scientific knowledge from the Greek and Romans.
The site has yielded two especially notable finds:
- A medical kit, in a brassbound wooden box with an iron handle, containing a scalpel, tweezers, powdered pumice and miniature pots for pharmaceuticals[15]
- A huge vase, 24 in (0.6 m) high and 41 in (1.04 m) across, bearing an inscription in the Roman alphabet: DECEBAL PER SCORILO, i.e. ‘Decebalus, son (cf. Latin puer) of Scorilus’ [15]
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The smithies north of the sanctuary also provide evidence of the Dacians' skill in metalworking: findings include tools such as metre-long tongs, hammers and anvils which were used to make some 400 metallic artefacts — scythes, sickles, hoes, rakes, picks, pruning hooks, knives, plowshares, and carpenters' tools [16] — as well as weapons such as daggers, curved Dacian scimitars, spearpoints, and shields.[16]
Nevertheless, the flowering of Dacian civilization apparently underway during the reign of Decebalus came to an abrupt end when Trajan's legions destroyed the city and deported its population.[16]
The defensive system
editThe Dacian capital’s defensive system includes six Dacian fortresses — Sarmizegetusa, Costești-Blidaru, Piatra Roșie, Costești-Cetățuie, Căpâlna and Bănița. All six have been named UNESCO World heritage sites.
Roman era
editSarmizegetusa's walls were partly dismantled at the end of the First Dacian War in AD 102, when Dacia was invaded by the Emperor Trajan of the Roman Empire and rebuilt as Roman fortifications. The latter were subsequently destroyed, possibly by the Dacians, and then rebuilt again following the successful siege of the site in AD 105–6.[17]
The Roman conquerors established a military garrison at Sarmizegetusa Regia. Later, the capital of Roman Dacia was established 40 km from the ruined Dacian capital, and was named after it - Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa.
Gallery
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See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Dana, Dan; Nemeti, Sorin (2014-01-09). "Ptolémée et la toponymie de la Dacie (II-V)". Classica et Christiana. p. 18. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Monuments in Romania, Hunedoara County" (PDF). www.inmi.ro. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ Schmitz (2005) 3
- ^ Grumeza 2009, p. 87.
- ^ Russu 1944, p. 376-399.
- ^ Van Den Gheyn 1885, p. 176.
- ^ Tomaschek 1883, p. 410.
- ^ Oltean, I. A.; Fonte, J. (2019-11-27). "Microtopographies of Dacian upland settlement strategies and community aggregation trends in the Orăştie Mountains, Romania". In Cowley, Dave C.; Fernández-Götz, Manuel; Romankiewicz, Tanja; Wendling, Holger (eds.). Rural Settlement. Relating buildings, landscape, and people in the European Iron Age. Sidestone Press. ISBN 978-90-8890-818-7.
- ^ a b Ruggles 2005, p. 370.
- ^ MacKendrick 1975, p. 60-61.
- ^ Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes, Gudmund Schütte , H. Hagerup, 1917
- ^ MacKendrick 1975, p. 48.
- ^ Goodman & Sherwood 2002, p. 227.
- ^ Matyszak 2009, p. 222.
- ^ a b MacKendrick 1975, p. 65.
- ^ a b c MacKendrick 1975, p. 66.
- ^ Oltean, I. A.; Hanson, W. S. (2017). "Conquest strategy and political discourse: new evidence for the conquest of Dacia from LiDAR analysis at Sarmizegetusa Regia". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 30: 429–446. doi:10.1017/S1047759400074195. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 158784696.
References
edit- Schmitz, Michael (2005). The Dacian threat, 101-106 AD. Armidale, N.S.W. : Caeros Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9758445-0-2.
- Tomaschek, Wilhelm (1883). "Les Restes de la langue dace" in "Le Muséon, Volume 2". Belgium: "Société des lettres et des sciences" Louvain, Belgium.
- Ruggles, Clive L. N (2005). Ancient astronomy: an encyclopedia of cosmologies and myth. Greenwood: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-477-6.
- MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (1975). The Dacian stones speak. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1226-6.
- Van Den Gheyn, Joseph (1885). "Populations Danubiennes" in "Revue des questions scientifiques". Belgium.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Goodman, Martin; Sherwood, Jane (2002). The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-40861-2.
- Russu, I.I. (1944). Sarmizegetusa, capitala Geto-Dacilor..
- Daicoviciu, Hadrian (1972). "Dacia de la Burebista la cucerirea romană". Editura Dacia.
- Matyszak, Philip (2009). The Enemies of Rome: From Hannibal to Attila the Hun. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28772-9.
- Grumeza, Ion (2009). Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-7618-4465-5.
External links
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- Cetățile dacice din Munții Orăștiei - Sarmizegetusa Regia
- The Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains
- Virtual 3D Reconstruction of Sarmizegetusa Regia
- „Large circular sanctuary" from Sarmizegetusa Regia, 3D reconstruction (v.1)
- 3D Reconstruction of Sarmizegetusa from Documentary "Decoding Dacia" by Kogainon Films
- Curry, Andrew (March 20, 2015). "Gold Looted From Ancient Empire Returned to Romania". National Geographic. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Plans, surveys
- „Plan TOPO 2D", 2D topographical plan of the archaeological site of Sarmizegetusa Regia (v.1), source files .DWG, .PDF
- „Plan TOPO 3D", 3D topographical plan of the archaeological site of Sarmizegetusa Regia (v.2), source files .DWG, .PDF
3D reconstructions
- "Paved road" from Sarmizegetusa Regia, 3D reconstruction (v.1)
- "Great Round Temple" from Sarmizegetusa Regia, 3D reconstruction (v.2), "Large circular sanctuary" from Sacred Area