Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan (Arabic: زايد بن خليفة آل نهيان; 1835 – 18 May 1909), also known as Zayed the Great or Zayed the First[2] was the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi from 1855 to his death in 1909. He was the grandfather and namesake of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan, founder of the United Arab Emirates.[3]
| Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Portrait of Zayed bin Khalifa | |
| Ruler of Abu Dhabi | |
| Reign | 1855 – 18 May 1909 |
| Predecessor | Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan |
| Successor | Tahnoun bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan |
| Born | 1835 Abu Dhabi |
| Died | May 19, 1909 (aged 73–74) |
| Spouse | Maitha Almansoori daughter of Sultan bin Nasser Al Suwaidi |
| Issue | Khalifa bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan Ruler Tahnoun bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan (no sons) Ruler Hamdan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan Ruler Sultan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan Ruler Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan Said bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahayan[1] (no sons) Hazza Mohammad |
| House | Al Nahyan family |
| Father | Khalifa bin Shakhbut Al Nahyan |
| Mother | from the al-Suwaidi |
| Religion | Islam |
Biography
editHe was born in the emirate of Abu Dhabi sometime around 1835 or 1840. He lived much of his early life with the Bedouin of Abu Dhabi. He was made Ruler of Abu Dhabi after the deposition of his cousin, Sheikh Saeed bin Tahnun, in 1855. He ruled for 54 years, until his death in 1909.[4] He had a wife called Maitha Almansoori.
Early in his rule, Zayed guided Abu Dhabi through a series of conflicts with the Emirate of Sharjah. In 1868, during an armed clash with Sharjah's forces, he advanced ahead of his troops and challenged the Ruler of Sharjah, Sheikh Khalid bin Sultan Al Qasimi, to single combat. Zayed wounded Khalid mortally and the death of Khalid brought an end to the conflict - although outbreaks of internecine conflict continued to be the norm among the coastal communities.[5][6]
He united with Omani forces to drive the Saudi troops from the Buraimi area in 1870. This left the forts defending the Buraimi Oasis in permanent control of Abu Dhabi and forced the Saudis to abandon their designs on Oman. Abu Dhabi's influence and control over this area steadily grew afterwards.[7] Zayed supported the Omani Imam Azzan bin Qais against the Sultan of Muscat, Turki bin Said, at the Battle of Dhank.
Zayed led Abu Dhabi in an extended war with Qatar in the 1880s that secured the western border of Abu Dhabi.[8] The first conflicts between the two occurred in 1881, during the battles of Baynunah, Suwaihan and Al-Marsaf.[9] In 1887, Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, accompanied by Ottoman troops, led an expedition into Khor Al Adaid in southern Qatar to assert his claim over the territory, which was disputed with Zayed bin Khalifa. This action elicited strong British diplomatic protests to the Ottoman Porte, with the British Political Resident, Edward Ross, going so far as to threaten military intervention.[10]
Tensions peaked in 1888 following a series of raids and counter-raids. Following several of these skirmishes was the Battle of Khannour from January to February 1889, in which Jassim's forces penetrated deep into Abu Dhabi territory.[11] The conflict was eventually resolved in 1893 through an agreement jointly brokered by the British and Ottomans.[12]
In 1895, Zayed saw in Al Zorah (today part of Ajman) an ideal base for supplying Bani Qitab forces loyal to him in conflicts with the Northern Sheikhs and applied to the British Resident for permission to move supplies there by sea. Unaware of the true reasons for the movement, the Resident gave permission but Zayed faced opposition in his scheme from other Sheikhs and was unable to complete the movement. In 1897, a section of the Sudan (singular Al Suwaidi) tribe under Sultan bin Nasser Al Suwaidi requested permission to settle Al Zorah with the support of Zayed (himself a Suwaidi on his mother's side and married to one of Sultan's daughters) and this was granted by the Resident.
Alarmed by the scheme, the Ruler of Ajman built a fort at one of the waterways connecting Al Zorah with the mainland (it was at the time an island) and the Ruler of Sharjah, in 1890, appealed to the Resident to prevent this establishment of a non-Al Qasimi stronghold in the midst of his territory. This being upheld, to the annoyance of Zayed who had seen Al Zorah as an extension of his claim to the Northern coast, the scheme was abandoned and the decision to block it was subsequently upheld after a visit to Al Zorah by Major Percy Cox, the British Political Resident.[13]
Zayed was noted by Cox to be "troublesome" and guided the rest of the Sheikhs of Dubai and Umm Al Quwain to not adopt the White Pierced Red flag, the intended flag of the Trucial States, referencing that the flag represents the Al Qawasim tribal federation.[14]
In 1892, Zayed signed a treaty with the United Kingdom which effectively ceded control of Abu Dhabi's international commercial relations to the British.[15][16]
By 1894, Zayed was considered the most powerful of the Trucial Sheikhs, replacing the hegemony of Sharjah.[17]
Through strategic marriages he had many sons. The eldest of whom was named Khalifa, and had maternal heritage from the Manasir people.[18]
He had a brother called Dhiyab who had three sons, Sultan, Mohammed, and Ahmed.[citation needed]
See also
editSources
edit- ^ Al Hashemi, Bushra Alkaff (27 February 2013). "Memories of a simpler time". The National. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ Āl Maktūm, Muḥammad ibn Rāshid. Spirit of the union : lecture on the occasion of the United Arab Emirates' fortieth national day. Dubai (United Arab Emirates). Media Office. Dubai, UAE. p. 34. ISBN 9781860633300. OCLC 957655419.
- ^ Joffe, Lawrence (3 November 2004). "Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ Al-Hajji 2001, pp. 129–36.
- ^ Al-Hajji 2001, p 140
- ^ Lorimer, John (1915). Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. British Government, Bombay. pp. 731–732.
- ^ Al-Hajji 2001, pp. 175–6.
- ^ Al-Hajji 2001, pp 171-4
- ^ "قطر ومحاصروها الخليجيون.. أزمة قديمة متجددة (إطار)" (in Arabic). Anadolu Agency. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ Hayajneh, Raed Ahmed (2021). "Khannour Battle 1889, Causes, Results, and Reactions in the Arabian Gulf: Documentary Research". Association of Arab Universities Journal for Arts (in Arabic). 18 (1): 72. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ Hayajneh, Raed Ahmed (2021). "Khannour Battle 1889, Causes, Results, and Reactions in the Arabian Gulf: Documentary Research". Association of Arab Universities Journal for Arts (in Arabic). 18 (1): 78. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ Omar, Ihab (30 May 2018). "خراب الدوحة... عن الخلافات القديمة بين قطر وجيرانها" (in Arabic). Raseef22. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ Lorimer, John (1915). Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. British Government, Bombay. pp. 750–1.
- ^ Coll 30/15 'Anthems and Flags of Various States. Bahrein [Bahrain], Koweit [Kuwait], Muscat, Asir, Yemen, Qatar, Trucial, Oman' [61r] (103/261). British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers. p. 103.
- ^ The Report: Abu Dhabi 2016. Oxford Business Group. 2016-05-09. ISBN 9781910068588.
- ^ "UAE-Saudi Arabia Border Dispute: The Case of the 1974 Treaty of Jeddah" (PDF). core.ac.uk.
- ^ Lorimer, John (1915). Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. British Government, Bombay. p. 733.
- ^ "SHEIKH SHAKHBUT AND THE GREAT DECLINE" (PDF). Retrieved 8 July 2016.
References
edit- Al-Hajji, Jayanti Maitra Afra (2001). Qasr Al Hosn: The History of the Rulers of Abu Dhabi: 1793–1966, Abu Dhabi: Centre for Documentation and Research.
- Discovery! The Story Of Aramco Then.