Zhang Xun (Chinese: 張勳; pinyin: Zhāng Xūn; Wade–Giles: Chang1 Hsün1; September 16, 1854 – September 11, 1923), courtesy name Shaoxuan (少軒), art name Songshou Laoren (松壽老人), nickname Bianshuai (辮帥, lit. 'marshal with queue'), was a Chinese general and Qing loyalist who attempted to restore the abdicated emperor Puyi in the Manchu Restoration of 1917. He also supported Yuan Shikai during his time as president.[4]
Zhang Xun | |
|---|---|
張勳 | |
 | |
| 3rd Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet | |
| In office 1 July – 12 July 1917 | |
| Monarch | Xuantong Emperor |
| Preceded by | Yuan Shikai (1912) |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 16 September 1854 Fengxin County, Yichun, Jiangxi, Qing Empire |
| Died | 11 September 1923 (aged 68) Tianjin, Zhili, Republic of China |
| Political party | Royalist Party[a] |
| Nickname | Queue General |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Qing dynasty Republic of China Empire of China |
| Branch/service |  Beiyang Army |
| Years of service | 1884–1917 |
| Rank | General officer Field marshal |
| Battles/wars | Boxer Rebellion Xinhai Revolution Second Revolution National Protection War Manchu Restoration |
Biography
editHe was born on September 16, 1854, in Chitian village, Fengxin county, Jiangxi.[4]
Zhang served as a military escort for Empress Dowager Cixi during the Boxer Uprising. He later served as a subordinate of General Yuan Shikai in the Beiyang Army. He fought for the Qing at Nanjing in 1911, and then after the fall of the Qing, he remained loyal to Yuan Shikai. Despite serving as a general in the new Republic, he refused to cut his queue, as a symbol of his loyalty to the Qing. He was called the "Queue General". He seized Nanjing from the KMT in 1913, defeating the Second Revolution. Despite allowing his troops to savagely loot the city, Zhang was named a field marshal by Yuan.[4]
Between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917, Zhang Xun proclaimed himself Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet by entering Beijing to reinstate the deposed Puyi as Emperor of the Qing dynasty. However, Zhang Xun's proclamation in July 1917 was never recognized by the Government of the Chinese Republic, most of the Chinese people, or any foreign countries. Other generals loyal to the Republic subsequently thwarted Zhang and forced Puyi to abdicate again. Zhang then took refuge in the Dutch legation and never participated in politics again.[4]
He died on September 11, 1923.[4]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ "复辟失败后的张勋:做生意颇红火 关照贫苦人士".
- ^ Chi (1970), p. 127.
- ^ Billingsley (1988), p. 57.
- ^ a b c d e Aisin-Gioro, Pu Yi (1964,1987, 2002). 我的前半生 [The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi]. Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 978-7-119-00772-4.
- Billingsley, Phil (1988). Bandits in Republican China. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804714068.
- Chi, Madeleine (1970). China Diplomacy, 1914-1918. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674118256.