Hong Taechawanit,[a] born Zheng Yifeng[b] (1851 – 5 March 1937) and also known as Zheng Zhiyong[c] or Er Ger Feng[d] (lit. 'Second Brother Feng', rendered in Thai from Teochew as Yi Ko Hong[e]), was a Chinese businessman, philanthropist, and secret society member who was active in early twentieth-century Siam.
Hong Taechawanit | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1851 |
| Died | 5 March 1937 (aged 85–86) Bangkok, Thailand |
| Occupation(s) | Businessman and philanthropist |
Early life
editZheng Yifeng was born in 1851 in Qiyuan Village, Chaozhou, Guangdong. His father, Zheng Shisheng (鄭詩生), was a peasant who fled China during the First Opium War but died en route to Thailand. His mother subsequently remarried and Zheng Yifeng himself moved to Thailand, settling down in Bangkok.[2]
Career
editWhile working for gambling magnate Liu Jibin (劉繼賓), Zheng became a member of the clandestine Chinatown-based 'Tian Di Hui' (天地會) or 'Heaven and Earth Society'. Zheng would become commonly referred to as 'Er Ge Feng' (二哥豐) or 'Second Brother Feng', because of his becoming the secret society's second-highest authority; he eventually became its leader after the death of his predecessor.[2]
Zheng successfully petitioned for King Chulalongkorn to grant him tax farming rights over gambling houses. In 1909, he dissented from the popular Chinese sentiment against the king's most recent tax reforms and refused to partake in a three-day-long strike action.[2] In June 1918, Zheng was granted the surname Taechawanit (Tejavanija)[f] and conferred the title of Phra Anuwatratchaniyom (พระอนุวัฒน์ราชนิยม) by King Vajiravudh.[2][4] Hong Taechawanit began to build a conglomerate in Thailand, which comprised pawnshops, a printing press, a shipping line,[2] a theatre,[5] and the biggest gambling house in the country.[1] His mansion in Phlapphla Chai also served as his company headquarters.[2]
In addition to being a founder of schools in both Thailand and China, Hong Taechawanit bankrolled newspapers and charities. He made significant donations to his hometown in Guangdong, such as in 1918 when he gave 380,000 silver dollars to flood relief efforts.[6]
Final years and legacy
editHong sympathised with the Kuomintang led by Sun Yat Sen; following the collapse of the imperial government in 1911, he gifted Sun with an unspecified amount of ivory. Following a series of financial setbacks, most notably the loss of his tax farming license, Hong died on 5 March 1937, aged 84.[7] Taechawanit Road, whose construction he financed, is now named after him.[2] His mansion was donated to the state and became the present-day Phlapphachai Police Station.[7] Because of his stature as a 'gambling lord',[8] Hong was deified as a 'luck-bringer' after his death and is popularly worshipped by Thai gamblers.[9]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ Thai: ฮง เตชะวณิช, RTGS: Techawanit.[1]
- ^ simplified Chinese: 郑义丰; traditional Chinese: 鄭義豐; pinyin: Zhèng Yìfēng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tēⁿ Gī Hong
- ^ simplified Chinese: 郑智勇; traditional Chinese: 鄭智勇; pinyin: Zhèng Zhìyǒng
- ^ simplified Chinese: 二哥丰; traditional Chinese: 二哥豐; pinyin: Èr Gē Fēng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Jī Ko Hong
- ^ Thai: ยี่กอฮง
- ^ Tejavanija is the original romanization given by Vajiravudh, based on the name's Pali/Sanskrit roots.[3]
Citations
edit- ^ a b Wasana 2019, p. 53.
- ^ a b c d e f g Goh 2012, p. 352.
- ^ "นามสกุลพระราชทาน: อักษร ต" [Royally bestowed surnames: T]. Phya Thai Palace (in Thai). Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ Murashima 2013, p. 154.
- ^ Vella 2019, p. 201.
- ^ Benton & Hong 2020, p. 62.
- ^ a b Goh 2012, p. 353.
- ^ Erker, Ezra Kyrill (28 April 2013). "A group that went forth and prospered around the world". The Bangkok Post.
- ^ Pennick 2021, p. 6.
Bibliography
edit- Benton, Gregor; Hong, Liu (2020). "Qiaopi and Charity". In John Fitzgerald; Hon-ming Yip (eds.). Chinese Diaspora Charity and the Cantonese Pacific, 1850–1949. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 51–71. ISBN 9789888528264.
- Goh, Yu Mei (2012). "Hong Taechawanit". In Leo Suryadinata (ed.). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 352–353. ISBN 9789814345217.
- Murashima, Eiji (2013). "The Origins of Chinese Nationalism in Thailand". Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies. Waseda University: 149–172.
- Pennick, Nigel (2021). The Ancestral Power of Amulets, Talismans, and Mascots: Folk Magic in Witchcraft and Religion. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781644112212.
- Vella, Walter F. (2019). Chaiyo!: King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824880309.
- Wasana, Wongsurawat (2019). The Crown and the Capitalists: The Ethnic Chinese and the Founding of the Thai Nation. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295746265.