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Zayyanid dynasty

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This article is about the dynasty that ruled Tlemcen. For the history of their state, see Kingdom of Tlemcen.

The Zayyanid dynasty (Arabic: زيانيون, Ziyānyūn) or Abd al-Wadids (Arabic: بنو عبد الواد, Bānu ʿabd āl-Wād) was a Berber Zenata[1][2][3] dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Tlemcen, mainly in modern Algeria centered on the town of Tlemcen in northwest Algeria. The Zayyanid dynasty's rule lasted from 1235 to 1557.[4]

Zayyanid dynasty
Current regionMaghreb; northwestern Algeria
Founded1235
FounderYaghmurasen Ibn Zyan
Final rulerHassan I
TitlesSultan of Tlemcen
Dissolution1557
Deposition1557

History

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Main article: Kingdom of Tlemcen

On the collapse of the Almohad Caliphate's rule around 1236,[5] the Kingdom of Tlemcen became independent under the rule of the Zayyanids, and Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan.[5][6] Ibn Zyan was able to maintain control over the rival Berber groups, and when faced with the outside threat of the Marinids, he formed an alliance with the Sultan of Granada and the King of Castile, Alfonso X.[5]

After an eight-year siege of Tlemcen by the Marinids that ended in 1307, the reigns of Abu Hammu I (r. 1308–1318) and Abu Tashufin I (r. 1318–1337) marked a second political apogee of the Zayyanids with a consolidated hold over the central Maghreb.[7] This period of strength was followed by a Marinid occupation of Tlemcen between 1337 and 1359 (with an interruption from 1348 to 1352).[7] There were occasional Marinid attempts to retake Tlemcen up to 1370,[7][8] but they found that they were unable to hold the region against local resistance.[9] Under the long reign of Abu Hammu II (r. 1359–1389), the Zayyanid state enjoyed a third period of political strength.[7]

In the 15th century, Zayyanid expansion eastward was attempted, but proved disastrous, as consequences of these incursions they were so weakened that over the following two centuries, the Zayyanid kingdom was intermittently a vassal of Hafsid Ifriqiya, Marinid Morocco, or Aragon.[9] During the first half of the 16th century, Spain and the Ottoman Regency of Algiers fought over control of Tlemcen, with the Zayyanid sultans often installed as puppets of one side or the other.[10] By 1551, the Ottomans had occupied Tlemcen and the last Zayyanid ruler, Hasan al-Abdallah, fled to Oran under Spanish protection and died a few years later, thus ending Zayyanid rule.[10]

List of rulers

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Dates and most alternate names taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).[11]

No. Name Alternate Name Reign Begin Reign End Notes
1 Yghomracen Ibn Zyan Abu Yahya I bin Zayyan 1236 March 1283 Founder
2 Abu Said Uthman I Othmane Ibn Yaghmoracen March 1283 6 June 1304 Son of Abu Yahya I
3 Abu Zayyan I Abu Zayyar I Muhammad 6 June 1304 14 April 1308 Son of Abu Said Uthman I
4 Abu Hammu I Abu Hamma I Musa 14 April 1308 22 July 1318 Brother of Abu Zayyan I
Assassinated by his son Abu Tashufin I
5 Abu Tashufin I Abu Tashufin I Abdal Rahman 22 July 1318 May 1336 Son of Abu Hammu I
First Marinid conquest (1337–1348) (Marinid ruler was Abu al-Hasan Ali)
6 Abu Said Uthman II Abu Sa'id Uthman II Abdal Rahman 1348 1352 Son of Abu Tashufin I
Co-ruler with Abu Thabid I
7 Abu Thabid I Abu Thabit 1348 1352 Son of Abu Tashufin I
Co-ruler with Abu Said Uthman II
Second Marinid conquest (1352–1359) (Marinid ruler was Abu Inan)
8 Abu Hammu II Musa Abu Hammu II ibn Abi Yaqub February 1359 20 May 1360 First Reign
Brother of Abu Said Uthman II
9 Abu Zayyan II Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman 20 May 1360 1360 Ruled during times when Abu Hammu II was forced from power
- Abu Hammu II - 1360 1370 Second Reign
Expedition to Bugia defeated, 1366
- Abu Zayyan II - 1370 1372 Second Reign
- Abu Hammu II - 1372 1383 Third Reign
- Abu Zayyan II - 1383 1384 Third Reign
- Abu Hammu II - 1384 1387 Fourth Reign
- Abu Zayyan II - 1387 1387 Fourth and final Reign
- Abu Hammu II - 1387 1389 Fifth and final Reign
10 Abu Tashufin II Abu Tashufin II Abdal Rahman 1389 29 May 1393 Son of Abu Hammu I
11 Abu Thabid II Abu Thabit II Yusuf 29 May 1393 8 July 1393 Son of Abu Tashufin I
12 Abul Hadjdjadj I Abu Hadjjaj Yusuf 8 July 1393 November 1393 Brother of Abu Thabid II
13 Abu Zayyan II Abu Zayyan II Muhammad November 1393 1397 Brother of Abul Hadjdjadj I
14 Abu Muhammad I Abu Muhammad Abdallah I 1397 1400 Brother of Abu Zayyan II
15 Abu Abdallah I Abu Abdallah Muhammad I 1400 1411 Brother of Abu Muhammad I
16 Abd al-Rahman I Abd al-Rahman ibn Musa U 1411 1411 Son of Abu Muhammad I
17 Said I Abu Sa'id ibn Musa 1411 November 1412 Brother of Abu Muhammad I
18 Abu Malek I Abu Malek Abd al-Wahid November 1412 May 1424 First reign
Brother of Said I
19 Abu Abdallah II Abu Abdallah Muhammad II May 1424 1427 First reign
Son of Abd al-Rahman I
Interregnum – Civil War (1427–1429)
- Abu Malek I - 1429 1430 Second reign
- Abu Abdallah II - 1430 1430 Second reign
20 Abu Abbas Ahmad I Abu al-Abbas Ahmad I 1430 January 1462 Son of Abu Thabid II
21 Abu Abdallah III Abu Abdallah Muhammad III February 1462 1468 Son of Abu Abbas Ahmad I
22 Abu Tashufin III - 1468 1468 Son of Abu Abdallah III
23 Abu Abdallah IV Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV 1468 1504 Brother of Abu Tashufin III
24 Abu Abdallah V Abu Abdallah Muhammad V 1504 1517 Son of Abu Abdallah IV
25 Abu Hammu III Abu Hammu III Musa 1517 1527 Son of Abu Abbas Ahmad I
26 Abu Muhammad II Abu Muhammad Abdallah II 1527 January 1541 Brother of Abu Hammu III
27 Abu Zayyan III Abu Zayyan Ahmad January 1541 7 March 1543 First Reign
Son of Abu Muhammad II
28 Abu Abdallah VI Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI 7 March 1543 June 1543 Brother of Abu Zayyan III
- Abu Zayyan III - June 1543 1550 Second Reign
29 Al Hassan ibn Abdallah - 1550 1557 Brother of Abu Zayyan III

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Algeria – Zayanids". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  2. ^ "Abd al-Wadid Dynasty | Berber dynasty". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  3. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (1 January 2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337709.
  4. ^ Phillip Chiviges Naylor, North Africa: a history from antiquity to the present, (University of Texas Press, 2009), 98.
  5. ^ a b c "'Abd al-Wadid". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 16. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
  6. ^ Delfina S. Ruano (2006), Hafsids, in Josef W Meri (ed.), Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia. Routledge., p. 309.
  7. ^ a b c d Messier, Ronald A. (2009). "ʿAbd al- Wādids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN 9789004161658.
  8. ^ "Qantara – The Abdelwadids (1236-1554)". Archived from the original on 7 July 2010.
  9. ^ a b I. Hrbek (1997), The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 34–43.
  10. ^ a b Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 149–157. ISBN 0521337674.
  11. ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.
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