Zipser Willkür (i.e. Zipser arbitrariness), alternatively known as Zipser Recht (i.e. Zipser Law) as well,[1] was the official German town law (German: Deutsches Stadtrecht) of the Zipser Germans or Zipser Saxons (German: Zipser, Zipser Deutsche or Zipser Sachsen), an ethnic German group which settled in the Szepes County, Kingdom of Hungary, now Spiš (German: Zips), northeastern Slovakia (as well as a small part in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland) starting in the Middle Ages. This particular law is the oldest German town law which was used in medieval Slovakia, thereby applying town privileges where it was in effect.[2]
Historical background
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The Zipser Willkür provided a certain degree of local autonomy granted by the Hungarian monarch to the urban settlements inhabited by the Zipser Germans in their komitat (i.e. county) in the former Kingdom of Hungary during the medieval period (and extended towards the constituent villages pertaining to the towns where the law held sway).[3][4] The law was ratified by King Louis I of Hungary (also known as Ludwig the Great). The capital of the Zips komitat (or Szepes County) was Levoča (German: Leutschau).[5]
The Zipser Germans have been living on the current territory of Slovakia since the 12th century (then Upper Hungary),[6][7] being part of or involved in, as other constituent groups of the German diaspora in Central and Eastern Europe (German: Mitteleuropa), the Ostsiedlung process (or the "German eastward settlement" of significant parts of Central Europe and Eastern Europe during the High Middle Ages). They are also related to another German community from Central-Eastern Europe with medieval roots, more specifically the Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbürger Sachsen) in Transylvania (German: Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien), central Romania.
See also
editFurther reading
edit- Cipszerek és a reformáció – kiállítás a szepességi szászokról, on www.oszk.hu (in Hungarian)
- Zips, on www.ome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de (the website of the University of Oldenburg in German)
References
edit- ^ "Weiteres (1005)" (in German). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Heikki Pihlajamäki; Markus D. Dubber; Mark Godfrey, eds. (28 June 2018). "Urban Law: The Law of Saxony and Magdeburg, page 503". The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-108837-7. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ Friedrich Gottas. "Sachsen (Zips)". The official website of the University of Klagenfurt (in German). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "More..." Olvasmány (1005). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "Zipser Land". Flagge in Lexikon (in German). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Cipszer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen [in German]. "Verpfändung von 13 Zipser Städten an Polen". Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen (in German). Retrieved 29 April 2023.