Balanitis plasmacellularis, also known as balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis, Zoon balanitis, or plasma cell balanitis, is a cutaneous condition characterized by a benign inflammatory skin lesion characterized histologically by a plasma cell infiltrate.[1]: 657 [2]
| Balanitis plasmacellularis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis, Zoon balanitis, and plasma cell balanitis. |
 | |
| Micrograph of plasmacytosis mucosae. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
Balanitis plasmacellularis is typically asymptomatic. It appears as a orange-red, moist, glossy macular to slightly elevated plaques. Balanitis plasmacellularis most commonly effects the glans penis.
The cause of balanitis plasmacellularis is unknown however heat friction and rubbing are possible contributing factors.
A biopsy is needed to make the diagnosis. Balanitis plasmacellularis can be managed with good hygiene and medications. Circumcision is curative.
Balanitis plasmacellularis is also known as Zoon balantitis, named after its discoverer Zoon.
A similar condition has been described in women (i.e. "Zoon's vulvitis"),[3] although its existence is controversial due to the possibility of diagnostic error in many of the cases that have been reported in the medical literature.[2]
Signs and symptoms
editThe patient typically just exhibits a change in genital look and no other symptoms. On the other hand, symptoms including pruritus, dysuria, discomfort, and a burning sensation may occasionally accompany it.[4] Rarely, reports of dyspareunia or blood-stained discharge have been made.[5]
Balanitis plasmacellularis appears as one or more orange-red, glossy, moist, glistening, well-circumscribed, macular to slightly elevated plaque(s). Due to microhemorrhage and hemosiderin deposition, there may be several pinpoint, brighter red spots scattered across the orange-red plaque's backdrop. These spots are referred to as "cayenne pepper spots." On regions that are in close proximity to the lesions, prepuce occasionally exhibits "kissing lesions." These could then deteriorate and leave a "rusty stain" in their wake.[4]
The glans penis is where it is most frequently found, however it can also affect the coronal sulcus and prepuce's inner surface. Similar lesions can afflict the female genitalia, particularly the labia minora.[4] The conjunctiva, urethra, cheeks, epiglottis, and oral mucosa (gingiva, hard palate, and buccal mucosa) are additional locations.[6]
Causes
editThis condition's etiology and pathogenesis are currently unknown.[4] Since it primarily affects uncircumcised men, discomfort from urine retention and smegma in the setting of "dysfunctional prepuce" is assumed to be the cause, which can result in poor genital hygiene and recurrent local infections. Furthermore, there's a chance that heat, friction, shock, and continuous rubbing are contributing factors.[7] Therefore, the two most significant initiating causes are the mucosa's ongoing exposure to humid conditions and chronic irritation.[8]
Diagnosis
editA biopsy is required to confirm the presumed clinical diagnosis. Histological alterations affecting the dermal vasculature and epidermis are typically identifiable. Pathological characteristics can include spongiosis, rete ridge loss, and epidermal atrophy. Single supra-basal layer epidermal cells have been characterized as lozenge or diamond-shaped keratinocytes. A dense inflammatory infiltrate of mostly plasma cells beneath the epidermis and an increase in vertically oriented capillaries are possible additional pathogenic signs. Additionally, erythrocyte extravasation and hemosiderin deposition are frequently seen. Notably, there is an absence of keratinocyte dysplasia and frank vesiculation.[9]
Treatment
editEncouraging proper hygiene is a simple and maybe helpful action.[4] Patients should be taught to gently clean their entire preputial sac, glans, and foreskin as well as to retract the foreskin on a frequent basis.[5]
Medical management of balanitis plasmacellularis includes topical steroids,[10] topical tacrolimus ointment,[11] topical pimecrolimus 1% cream,[12] and imiquimod.[13] Circumcision is the only definite treatment of balanitis plasmacellularis.[5]
History
editZoon initially identified this phenomenon in eight male patients suffering from persistent balanitis in 1952. Zoon dubbed this ailment "balanoposthite chronique circonscrite bénigne á plasmocytes" or "balanitis chronica circumscripta plasmacellularis" and regarded it as a separate entity because all of these patients shared identical histological findings.[14] Similar vulva sores were observed by Garnier in 1954.[15] Later, Kortnig found the same lesion in the conjunctiva,[16] while Nikolowski reported seeing it in the oral mucosa.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ a b Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 72. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ Neri I, Patrizi A, Marzaduri S, Marini R, Negosanti M (October 1995). "Vulvitis plasmacellularis: two new cases". Genitourin Med. 71 (5): 311–3. doi:10.1136/sti.71.5.311. PMC 1195548. PMID 7490049.
- ^ a b c d e Dayal, Surabhi; Sahu, Priyadarshini (2024-03-14). "Zoon balanitis: A comprehensive review". Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS. 37 (2). Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications: 129–138. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.192128. PMC 5111296. PMID 27890945.
- ^ a b c Edwards, SK; Bunker, CB; Ziller, Fabian; van der Meijden, Willem I (2014-05-14). "2013 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 25 (9). SAGE Publications: 615–626. doi:10.1177/0956462414533099. ISSN 0956-4624. PMID 24828553.
- ^ Weyers, Wolfgang; Ende, Yvonne; Schalla, Wolfgang; Diaz-Cascajo, Carlos (2002). "Balanitis of Zoon". The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 24 (6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 459–467. doi:10.1097/00000372-200212000-00001. ISSN 0193-1091. PMID 12454596.
- ^ Porter, W. M.; Bunker, C. B. (2001-04-01). "The dysfunctional foreskin". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 12 (4). SAGE Publications: 216–220. doi:10.1258/0956462011922922. ISSN 0956-4624. PMID 11319970.
- ^ Retamar, Roberto Adrián; Kien, M. C.; Chouela, E. N. (2003). "Zoon's balanitis: presentation of 15 patients, five treated with a carbon dioxide laser". International Journal of Dermatology. 42 (4). Wiley: 305–307. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01304.x. ISSN 0011-9059. PMID 12694501.
- ^ Davis, David A.; Cohen, Philip R. (1995). "Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacellularis". Journal of Urology. 153 (2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 424–426. doi:10.1097/00005392-199502000-00043. ISSN 0022-5347. PMID 7815607.
- ^ S, Yoganathan; TG, Bohl; G, Mason (December 1994). "Plasma cell balanitis and vulvitis (of Zoon). A study of 10 cases". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 39 (12). J Reprod Med: 939–944. ISSN 0024-7758. PMID 7884748. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
- ^ Santos-Juanes, Jorge; Sánchez del Río, José; Galache, Cristina; Soto, Jorge (2004-12-01). "Topical Tacrolimus: An Effective Therapy for Zoon Balanitis". Archives of Dermatology. 140 (12). American Medical Association (AMA): 1538–1539. doi:10.1001/archderm.140.12.1538. ISSN 0003-987X. PMID 15611442.
- ^ Kyriakou, A.; Patsatsi, A.; Patsialas, C.; Sotiriadis, D. (2014). "Therapeutic Efficacy of Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors in Plasma Cell Balanitis: Case Series and Review of the Literature". Dermatology. 228 (1). S. Karger AG: 18–23. doi:10.1159/000357153. ISSN 1018-8665. PMID 24434685.
- ^ Marconi, Barbara; Campanati, Anna; Simonetti, Oriana; Savelli, Andrea; Conocchiari, Luca; Santinelli, Alfredo; Pisa, Eleonora; Offidani, Annamaria (2010). "Zoon's balanitis treated with imiquimod 5% cream". European Journal of Dermatology. 20 (1). John Libbey Eurotext: 134–135. doi:10.1684/ejd.2010.0829. ISSN 1167-1122. PMID 19889590.
- ^ Zoon, JJ (1952). "Chronic benign circumscript plasmocytic balanoposthitis". Dermatologica. 105 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1159/000256880. PMID 12979576.
- ^ GARNIER, GEORGES (1957). "Benign Plasma-Cell Erythroplasia". British Journal of Dermatology. 69 (3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 77–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1957.tb13232.x. ISSN 0007-0963. PMID 13413058.
- ^ KORTING, G W; THEISEN, H (November 1963). "Circumscribed Plasma Cell Balanoposthitis and Conjunctivitis in the Same Patient". Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Dermatologie (in German). 217: 495–504. doi:10.1007/BF00491347. PMID 14098119.
- ^ Nikolowski, Wolfgang; Wiehl, Richard (1956). "Pareiitis und Balanitis Plasmacellularis". Archiv fur Klinische und Experimentelle Dermatologie (in German). 202 (4): 347–357. doi:10.1007/BF00477484. ISSN 0340-3696. PMID 13340789.
Further reading
edit- Kumar, Bhushan; Narang, Tarun; Radotra, Bishan Dass; Gupta, Somesh (2006). "Plasma Cell Balanitis: Clinicopathologic Study of 112 Cases and Treatment Modalities". Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 10 (1). SAGE Publications: 11–15. doi:10.1007/7140.2006.00008. ISSN 1203-4754. PMID 17241566.
- Bari, Omar; Cohen, Philip R. (2017). "Successful Management of Zoon's Balanitis with Topical Mupirocin Ointment: A Case Report and Literature Review of Mupirocin-Responsive Balanitis Circumscripta Plasmacelluaris". Dermatology and Therapy. 7 (2): 203–210. doi:10.1007/s13555-017-0178-1. ISSN 2193-8210. PMC 5453920. PMID 28382428.