Émeric Crucé[1] (1590–1648) was a French political writer, known for the Nouveau Cynée (1623), a pioneer work on international relations.[2][3] He advocated for an international pacific body of representatives of many countries.
Life
editLittle specifics are known about him. He taught in a college in Paris, is said to have been a monk, and is supposed to have been from a humble background.[4]
The "New Cyneas"
editThe Nouveau Cynée ou Discours d'Estat représentant les occasions et moyens d'establir une paix générale et la liberté de commerce pour tout le monde takes its name from Cyneas, a diplomat-statesman of the ancient world who was active around 300 BC and known for his emphasis on peace. Crucé, in accordance with Cyneas, made peace central to his philosophical and political thought.
Crucé took the position that wars were the result of international misunderstandings and the domination of society by the warrior class, both of which could be reduced through commerce which brought people together.[5]
He is pacifist in tone, and envisages an international body to maintain peace. It should be a permanent gathering of princes, or their representatives, in session at Venice, whose task would be to resolve national or international disputes. Radically, he suggests that the Islamic powers would participate[6] in this permanent peace congress; Crucé's thinking runs along the lines of a common humanity.[7] Membership of this body would be completely voluntary.
His system relies on a measure of free trade,[8] and proposes a single currency and standardized weights and measures. There is an emphasis on social and economic objectives, as well as public spending.
Crucé's ideas are in sharp contrast to those of Jean Bodin, whose ideas are based on national sovereignty and the acceptance of war.
Notes
edit- ^ Émeric de la Croix, Emericus Cruceus
- ^ Em. Cr. P. (1623). Le novveav Cynee; ov, Discovrs des occasions et moyens d'etablir vne paix generale & la liberté du commerce par tout le monde. A Paris: Iacoves Villery. Retrieved 10 February 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ The New Cyneas of Émeric Crucé; Edited with An Introduction and Translated Into English from the Original French Text of 1623 by Thomas Willing Balch. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane and Scott. 1909. Retrieved 10 February 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ European Spirit – Biblioteca Europeana – Denis de Rougemont: "Europe Unites"
- ^ Oneal, John R., Oneal, Frances H., Maoz, Zeev; and Russett, Bruce. "The Liberal Peace: Interdependence, Democracy, and International Conflict, 1950-85", Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Feb., 1996)
- ^ John Bagnell Bury, The Idea of Progress (2004 reprint), p. 88.
- ^ Darren J. O'Byrne, The Dimensions of Global Citizenship: Political Identity Beyond the Nation-state (2003), p. 64.
- ^ A Brief History of the Quest for Peace
External links
edit- Balch, Thomas Willing (1900). Émeric Crucé. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott – via Internet Archive.
- Mansfield, Andrew (2013) 'Émeric Crucé's Nouveau Cynée (1623): universal peace and free trade'. Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas, 2 (4). pp. 2–23. ISSN 2280-8574 - http://www.ojs.unito.it/index.php/jihi/article/view/170