Ötüken or Otuken (Old Turkic: 𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐱁, romanized: Ötüken yïš, lit. 'Ötüken forest'[1] or 𐰵𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰼, romanized: Ötüken jer, lit. 'land of Ötüken'; Old Uyghur: [𐰵𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help);[2] Chinese: 於都斤) was the capital of the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate. It has an important place in Turkic mythology and Tengrism.
Ötüken is located within the borders of the Arkhangai Province and Övörkhangai Province of present-day Mongolia.[3]
Mountain
editThe word was used to describe the sacred mountain of the ancient Turks. It was mentioned by Bilge Khagan in the Orkhon inscriptions as "the place from where the tribes can be controlled". A force called qut was believed to emanate from this mountain, granting the local potentate the divine right to rule all the Turkic tribes.[4]
Although never identified precisely, Ötüken probably stretched "from the Khangai Range of Central Mongolia to the Sayan Mountains of Tuva, at the centre of which is the Orkhon Valley",[5] which for centuries was regarded as the seat of the imperial power of the steppes.
Primary sources
editDīwān Lughāt al-Turk
editÖtüken (اتوكان)[6] in Mahmud al-Kashgari's Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk:[7]
Name of a place in the deserts of Tatār near Uighur.
Tonyukuk inscriptions
editThe Tonyukuk inscriptions clearly show the sacred importance of the region, as evidenced by the statement of Tonyukuk:[8]
If you stay in the land of the Ötüken, and send caravans from there, you will have no trouble. If you stay at the Ötüken Mountains, you will live forever dominating the tribes!
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bilge kagan’s Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG
- ^ Alyılmaz, Cengiz (2013). "Karı Çor Tigin Inscription". International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education (in Turkish). 2/2 (2): 1–61. doi:10.7884/teke.188.
- ^ "Türklerin tarihî başkenti: Ötüken - Avrasya'dan - Haber".
- ^ Franke, Herbert. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-21447-5. Page 347.
- ^ Jarich G. Oosten, Henri J. M. Claessen. Ideology and the Formation of Early States. Brill Academic Publishers, 1996. ISBN 90-04-10470-4. Pages 124-125.
- ^ Besim Atalay, ed. (1939). Divanü lûgat-it-Türk tercümesi (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Alâeddin Kiral Basimevi. p. 138.
- ^ Henryk Jankowski (2006). A Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea. p. 1040. ISBN 9789047418429.
- ^ Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (3): 390–403. doi:10.2307/605932. JSTOR 605932.
Bibliography
edit- C. E. Bosworth: Artikel „ÖTÜKEN“ in: Encyclopaedia of Islam; Leiden. Digitale Edition