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Spacing Modifier Letters

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Not to be confused with Combining character, which modifies other characters, e.g. by adding diacritical marks.

Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions. Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization. The word spacing indicates that these characters occupy their own horizontal space within a line of text. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was simply Modifier Letters.[3]

Spacing Modifier Letters
RangeU+02B0..U+02FF
(80 code points)
PlaneBMP
ScriptsBopomofo (2 char.)
Latin (14 char.)
Common (64 char.)
Major alphabetsIPA
Assigned80 code points
Unused0 reserved code points
Unicode version history
1.0.0 (1991)57 (+57)
3.0 (1999)63 (+6)
4.0 (2003)80 (+17)
Unicode documentation
Code chart ∣ Web page
Note: [1][2]

Character table

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Code Glyph (with x as guide) Decimal Description
Latin superscript modifier letters
U+02B0 xʰ ʰ Modifier Letter Small H
U+02B1 xʱ ʱ Modifier Letter Small H with hook
U+02B2 xʲ ʲ Modifier Letter Small J
U+02B3 xʳ ʳ Modifier Letter Small R
U+02B4 xʴ ʴ Modifier Letter Small Turned R
U+02B5 xʵ ʵ Modifier Letter Small Turned R with hook
U+02B6 xʶ ʶ Modifier Letter Small Capital Inverted R
U+02B7 xʷ ʷ Modifier Letter Small W
U+02B8 xʸ ʸ Modifier Letter Small Y
Miscellaneous phonetic modifiers
U+02B9 xʹ ʹ Modifier Letter Prime
U+02BA xʺ ʺ Modifier Letter Double Prime
U+02BB xʻ ʻ Modifier Letter Turned Comma
U+02BC xʼ ʼ Modifier Letter Apostrophe
U+02BD xʽ ʽ Modifier Letter Reversed Comma
U+02BE xʾ ʾ Modifier Letter Right Half Ring
U+02BF xʿ ʿ Modifier Letter Left Half Ring
U+02C0 xˀ ˀ Modifier Letter Glottal Stop
U+02C1 xˁ ˁ Modifier Letter Reversed Glottal Stop
U+02C2 x˂ ˂ Modifier Letter Left Arrowhead
U+02C3 x˃ ˃ Modifier Letter Right Arrowhead
U+02C4 x˄ ˄ Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead
U+02C5 x˅ ˅ Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead
U+02C6 xˆ ˆ Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent
U+02C7 xˇ ˇ Caron
U+02C8 xˈ ˈ Modifier Letter Vertical Line
U+02C9 xˉ ˉ Modifier Letter Macron
U+02CA xˊ ˊ Modifier Letter Acute Accent
U+02CB xˋ ˋ Modifier Letter Grave Accent
U+02CC xˌ ˌ Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line
U+02CD xˍ ˍ Modifier Letter Low Macron
U+02CE xˎ ˎ Modifier Letter Low Grave Accent
U+02CF xˏ ˏ Modifier Letter Low Acute Accent
U+02D0 xː ː Modifier Letter Triangular Colon
U+02D1 xˑ ˑ Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon
U+02D2 x˒ ˒ Modifier Letter Centered Right Half Ring
U+02D3 x˓ ˓ Modifier Letter Centered Left Half Ring
U+02D4 x˔ ˔ Modifier Letter Up Tack
U+02D5 x˕ ˕ Modifier Letter Down Tack
U+02D6 x˖ ˖ Modifier Letter Plus Sign
U+02D7 x˗ ˗ Modifier Letter Minus Sign
Spacing clones of diacritics
U+02D8 x˘ ˘ Breve
U+02D9 x˙ ˙ Dot Above
U+02DA x˚ ˚ Ring Above
U+02DB x˛ ˛ Ogonek
U+02DC x˜ ˜ Small Tilde
U+02DD x˝ ˝ Double Acute Accent
Additions based on 1989 IPA
U+02DE x˞ ˞ Modifier Letter Rhotic Hook
U+02DF x˟ ˟ Modifier Letter Cross Accent
U+02E0 xˠ ˠ Modifier Letter Small Gamma
U+02E1 xˡ ˡ Modifier Letter Small L
U+02E2 xˢ ˢ Modifier Letter Small S
U+02E3 xˣ ˣ Modifier Letter Small X
U+02E4 xˤ ˤ Modifier Letter Small Reversed Glottal Stop
Tone letters
U+02E5 x˥ ˥ Modifier Letter Extra-High Tone Bar
U+02E6 x˦ ˦ Modifier Letter High Tone Bar
U+02E7 x˧ ˧ Modifier Letter Mid Tone Bar
U+02E8 x˨ ˨ Modifier Letter Low Tone Bar
U+02E9 x˩ ˩ Modifier Letter Extra-Low Tone Bar
Extended Bopomofo tone marks
U+02EA x˪ ˪ Extended Bopomofo Yin Departing (for Minnan and Hakka languages)
U+02EB x˫ ˫ Extended Bopomofo Yang Departing (for Minnan and Hakka languages)
IPA modifiers
U+02EC xˬ ˬ Modifier Letter Voicing
U+02ED x˭ ˭ Modifier Letter Unaspirated
Other modifier letter
U+02EE xˮ ˮ Modifier Letter Double Apostrophe
UPA modifiers
U+02EF x˯ ˯ Modifier Letter Low Down Arrowhead
U+02F0 x˰ ˰ Modifier Letter Low Up Arrowhead
U+02F1 x˱ ˱ Modifier Letter Low Left Arrowhead
U+02F2 x˲ ˲ Modifier Letter Low Right Arrowhead
U+02F3 x˳ ˳ Modifier Letter Low Ring
U+02F4 x˴ ˴ Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent
U+02F5 x˵ ˵ Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent
U+02F6 x˶ ˶ Modifier Letter Middle Double Acute Accent
U+02F7 x˷ ˷ Modifier Letter Low Tilde
U+02F8 x˸ ˸ Modifier Letter Raised Colon
U+02F9 x˹ ˹ Modifier Letter Begin High Tone
U+02FA x˺ ˺ Modifier Letter End High Tone
U+02FB x˻ ˻ Modifier Letter Begin Low Tone
U+02FC x˼ ˼ Modifier Letter End Low Tone
U+02FD x˽ ˽ Modifier Letter Shelf
U+02FE x˾ ˾ Modifier Letter Open Shelf
U+02FF x˿ ˿ Modifier Letter Low Left Arrow
Code Glyph Decimal Description

Compact table

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Spacing Modifier Letters[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+02Bx ʰ ʱ ʲ ʳ ʴ ʵ ʶ ʷ ʸ ʹ ʺ ʻ ʼ ʽ ʾ ʿ
U+02Cx ˀ ˁ ˂ ˃ ˄ ˅ ˆ ˇ ˈ ˉ ˊ ˋ ˌ ˍ ˎ ˏ
U+02Dx ː ˑ ˒ ˓ ˔ ˕ ˖ ˗ ˘ ˙ ˚ ˛ ˜ ˝ ˞ ˟
U+02Ex ˠ ˡ ˢ ˣ ˤ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ˪ ˫ ˬ ˭ ˮ ˯
U+02Fx ˰ ˱ ˲ ˳ ˴ ˵ ˶ ˷ ˸ ˹ ˺ ˻ ˼ ˽ ˾ ˿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

History

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The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Spacing Modifier Letters block:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  2. ^ "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  3. ^ "3.8: Block-by-Block Charts" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. version 1.0. Unicode Consortium.
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