1,6-Methano[10]annulene (also known as 1,6-methanonaphthalene or homonaphthalene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C11H10. It was the first stable aromatic compound based on the cyclodecapentaene system to be discovered.
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Bicyclo[4.4.1]undeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C11H10 | |
| Molar mass | 142.201 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Preparation
editThe classical organic synthesis of this compound starts with Birch reduction of naphthalene to isotetralin, which adds dichlorocarbene (prepared in situ from chloroform and potassium tert-butoxide) to form a transannular cyclopropane ring. A second reduction then removes the chloride substituents. Finally, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) oxidation removes the central transannular bond and dehydrogenates unto aromaticity.[1]
Aromaticity
editIt is analogous to cyclodecapentaene ([10]annulene), but with two hydrogen atoms replaced by a transannular methylene bridge (-CH
2-). Consequently, it obeys Hückel's rule (n = 2) and despite the distortion from planarity introduced by the methylene bridge, the compound is aromatic.[2][3] In fact, when prepared by Vogel in the 1960s[4][5] it was the first stable aromatic cyclodecapentaene to be discovered.[3] Its aromaticity is confirmed by two main pieces of evidence. Firstly, the similarity in carbon-carbon bond lengths as measured by x-ray crystallography is inconsistent with alternating single and double bonds. The actual structure is better considered as a pair of resonance hybrids (like the Kekulé structures of benzene) rather than as having alternating single and double bonds.
Secondly, its 1H NMR spectrum displays influence of the diamagnetic ring current which is characteristic of aromatic compounds. The peripheral protons around the ring are deshielded while the methylene bridge nuclei are strongly shielded.[2][3]
Its resonance energy is smaller than that of naphthalene.[6]
Possible applications
editHomonaphthalene has been used in the production of conductive polymers.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Vogel, Emanuel; Klug, W.; Breuer, A. "1,6-Methano[10]annulene". Organic Syntheses. 54: 11. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.054.0011; Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 731.
- ^ a b Gatti, Carlo; Orlando, Ahmed M.; Monza, Emanuele; Lo Presti, Leonardo (2016). "Exploring Chemistry Through the Source Function for the Electron and the Electron Spin Densities". In Chauvin, Remi; Lepetit, Christine; Silvi, Bernard; Alikhani, Esmail (eds.). Applications of Topological Methods in Molecular Chemistry. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 22. Springer International Publishing. pp. 101–129. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29022-5_5. ISBN 9783319290225.
- ^ a b c Hill, Richard K.; Giberson, Carolyn B.; Silverton, James V. (1988). "Forfeiture of the aromaticity of a bridged [10]annulene by benzannelation". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (2): 497–500. doi:10.1021/ja00210a031.
- ^ Vogel, Emanuel; Roth, H. D. (1964). "The Cyclodecapentaene System". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 3 (3): 228–229. doi:10.1002/anie.196402282.
- ^ Vogel, Emanuel; Böll, W. A. (1964). "Substitution of 1,6-Methanocyclodecapentaene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 3 (9): 642. doi:10.1002/anie.196406421.
- ^ Roth, Wolfgang R.; Böhm, Manfred (1983). "Resonance Energy of Bridged [10]Annulene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 22 (12): 1007–1008. doi:10.1002/anie.198310071.
- ^ Peart, Patricia A.; Repka, Lindsay M.; Tovar, John D. (May 2008). "Emerging Prospects for Unusual Aromaticity in Organic Electronic Materials: The Case for Methano[10]annulene". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2008 (13): 2193–2206. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200701102. ISSN 1434-193X.