The 150 personae non gratae of Turkey (Turkish: Yüzellilikler, lit. 'Hundred-and-fiftyers')[1] is a list of high-ranking personages of the Ottoman Empire who were exiled from the Republic of Turkey shortly after the end of the Turkish War of Independence with the Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922. The Sultanate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Angora (Ankara) on 1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, was declared persona non grata.[2] Leaving Istanbul aboard the British warship HMS Malaya on 17 November 1922, he was sent into exile and died in Sanremo, Italy, on 16 May 1926.
The list was created on 23 April 1924, by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, and revised on 1 June 1924.[3] By targeting the former Imperial ruling-elite, it reaffirmed the political and cultural break between the Empire and the Republic. The preliminary list contained 600 individuals, negotiated down to its final form of 150 with the Treaty of Lausanne.
List
edit| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kiraz Hamdi | Aide-de-camp of Sultan |
| 2 | Zeki | General Hademe-i Hassa |
| 3 | Kayserili Şaban Ağa | Hazine-i Hassa Müfettişi (Ottoman Central Depot inspector) |
| 4 | Şükrü Tütüncübaşı | |
| 5 | Şerkarin Yaver | |
| 6 | Miralay Tahir | |
| 7 | Seryaver Avni | Naval minister |
| 8 | Refik | former Hazine-i Hassa Müdürü and Defter-i Hakani Emini |
| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | Ürgüplü Mustafa Sabri Efendi | former Sheikh ul-Islam |
| 10 | Ali Rüşdi | Minister of Justice |
| 11 | Cemal Artin | Minister of Agriculture and Trade |
| 12 | Cakacı Hamdi Pasha | former Minister of the Navy |
| 13 | Rumbeyoğlu Fahrettin | former Minister of Education and Minister of Justice |
| 14 | Kızılhançerli Remzi | former Minister of Agriculture and Trade |
| 15 | Hâdi Pasha | General & signer of Treaty of Sèvres |
| 16 | Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı | former President of Council of State & signer of Treaty of Sèvres |
| 17 | Reşat Halis | former Ottoman Ambassador to Switzerland & signer of Treaty of Sèvres |
| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | Süleyman Şefik Pasha | Kuva-i İnzibatiye Commander In Chief |
| 19 | Bulgar Tahsin | Cavalry Captain (adjutant of Şefik Pasha) |
| 20 | Ahmet Refik | Colonel in Kuva-i İnzibatiye, Chief of the general staff |
| 21 | Tarık Mümtaz | Commander of Kuva-i İnzibatiye Mitralyöz and adjutant of Damat Ferit Pasha |
| 22 | Ali Nadir Pasha | Kuva-i İnzibatiye, Commander of İzmir Army Corps |
| 23 | Kaymakam Fettah | Kuva-i İnzibatiye & member of the Ottoman Special Military Tribunal |
| 24 | Çopur Hakkı | Kuva-i İnzibatiye member |
| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 25 | Gümülcineli İsmail | former governor of Bursa |
| 26 | Konyalı Mehmed Zeynelabidin | |
| 27 | Fanizade Mes'ud | former Cebelibereket (Osmaniye) Mutasarrıf |
| 28 | Miralay Sadık | Freedom and Accord Party leader |
| 20 | Bedirhani Halil Râmi | former Malatya Mutasarrıf |
| 30 | Giritli Hüsnü | former Mutasarrıf of Manisa |
| 31 | Nemrud Mustafa | former Judge of the Ottoman Special Military Tribunal |
| 32 | Hulusi | former Mayor of Uşak |
| 33 | Hain Mustafa | former District-Governor of Adapazarı |
| 34 | Hafız Ahmet | former Müftü of Tekirdağ |
| 35 | Sâbit | former Mutasarrıf of Afyonkarahisar |
| 36 | Celâl Kadri | former Mutasarrıf of Gaziantep |
| 37 | Adanalı Zeynelabidin | Freedom and Accord Party Secretary General |
| 38 | Vasfi Hoca | former Minister of Evkaf |
| 39 | Damat Ali Galip | former Governor of Harput |
| 40 | Ömer Fevzi | Müftü of Bursa |
| 41 | Aziz Nuri | former assistant Governor of Bursa |
| 42 | Ahmet Asım | İzmir Kadı Müşaviri |
| 43 | Nâtık | former Istanbul Muhafızı |
| 44 | Âdil | former Minister of the Interior |
| 45 | Mehmet Ali Bey | former Minister of the Interior |
| 46 | Salim Mirimiran | former Governor and Deputy Mayor of Edirne |
| 47 | Hoca Raish-zâde İbrahim | Mutasarrıf for the Greeks in Kütahya |
| 48 | Abdurrahman | Governor of Adana during the Franco-Turkish War |
| 49 | Ömer Fevzi | member of parliament from Şarkikarahisar |
| 50 | Adil | Mülazım, known as "torturer" |
| 51 | Refik | Mülazım, known as "torturer" |
| 52 | Şerif | former Kırkağaç Kaymakam |
| 53 | Mahmut Mahir | former Çanakkale Mutasarrıf |
| 54 | Emin | former Commander of Central İstanbul |
| 55 | Sadullah Sami | former Kilis Kaymakam |
| 56 | Osman Nuri | former Mutasarrıf of Bolu and former Barrister at the Interior Ministry |
| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 57 | Çerkes Ethem | |
| 58 | Reşit | brother of Çerkes Ethem |
| 59 | Tevfik | brother of Çerkes Ethem |
| 60 | Eşref Kuşçubaşı | Special Organization leader |
| 61 | Hacı Sami | brother of Eşref Kuşçubaşı |
| 62 | İzmirli Küçük Ethem | captainformer Akhisar Kaymakamı |
| 63 | Düzceli Mehmet oğlu Sami | |
| 64 | Burhaniyeli Halil İbrahim | |
| 65 | Demirkapılı Hacı Ahmet | from Susurluk |
| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 66 | Bağ Osman | from Sümbüllü village, Hendek |
| 67 | İbrahim Hakkı | former İzmit Mutasarrıfı |
| 68 | Sait Beraev | |
| 69 | Tahir Berzek | |
| 70 | Maan Şirin | from Harmantepe village, Adapazarı |
| 71 | Hüseyin Kocaömeroğlu | from Teke village, Söke Ereğlisi |
| 72 | Bağ Kamil | from Talustanbey village, Adapazarı |
| 73 | Hamete Ahmet | |
| 74 | Maan Ali | |
| 75 | Harun Reşit | from Karaosman village, Kirmastı |
| 76 | Eskişehirli Hızır Hoca | |
| 77 | İsa | son of Bigalı Nuri Bey |
| 78 | Kazım | from Şahinbey village, Adapazarı |
| 79 | Lampaz Yakup | from Tuzakçı village, Gönen |
| 80 | Kumpat Hafız Sait | from Bayramiç village, Gönen |
| 81 | former major Ahmet | from Keçeler village, Gönen |
| 82 | Sait | Barrister from İzmir |
| 83 | Şamlı Ahmet Nuri |
| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 84 | Tahsin | former Director of Istanbul Police |
| 85 | Kemal | former assistant director of Istanbul Police |
| 86 | Ispartalı Kemal | assistant director of Public Safety |
| 87 | Hafız Sait | former Chief Officer of Istanbul Police Department First Section |
| 88 | Şeref | former First Branch Manager of Istanbul Police Department |
| 89 | Hacı Kemal | former Arnavutköy Central Officer |
| 90 | Namık | Polis Başmemurlarından[clarification needed] |
| 91 | Nedim | Commisar of Şişli |
| 92 | Fuat | former İzmit Central Officer, Director of Edirne Police and Yalova Kaymakam |
| 93 | Yolgeçenli Yusuf | police officer in Adana |
| 94 | Sakallı Cemil | former Unkapanı Central Officer |
| 95 | Mazlum | former Büyükdere Central Officer |
| 96 | Fuat | former Beyoğlu Second Commissar |
| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 97 | Mevlanzade Rifat Bey | owner of Serbestî & member of Freedom and Accord Party |
| 98 | Sait Molla | owner of Istanbul Gazetesi, printed in Turkish |
| 99 | İzmirli Hafız İsmail | owner and former editor of Müsavat Gazetesi & member of Darülhikmet |
| 100 | Refik Halit Karay | owner of Aydede & former Director General of the Post and Telegraph Ministry |
| 101 | Bahriyeli Ali Kemal | owner of Bandırma Adalet Gazetesi |
| 102 | Neyir Mustafa | owner of Hakikat Gazetesi in Selanik Teemin and Elyevm in Edirne |
| 103 | Ferit | former editor of Köylü Gazetesi |
| 104 | Refi Cevat Ulunay | owner of Alemdar Gazetesi |
| 105 | Pehlivan Kadri | of Alemdar Gazetesi |
| 106 | Fânî-zâde Ali İlmi | owner of Ferda Gazetesi in Adana |
| 107 | Trabzonlu Ömer Fevzi | one of the owners of Balıkesir İrşad Gazetesi |
| 108 | Hasan Sadık | owner of Halep Doğru Yol Gazetesi |
| 109 | İzmirli Refet | owner and director of Köylü Gazetesi |
| No. | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 110 | Tarsuslu Kamilpaşazade Selami | |
| 111 | Tarsuslu Kamilpaşazade Kemal | |
| 112 | Süleymaniyeli Kürt Hakkı | |
| 113 | İbrahim Sabri | son of Şeyhülislam Mustafa Sabri |
| 114 | Bursalı Cemil | factory owner |
| 115 | Çerkes Ragıp | well-known English spy |
| 116 | Haçinli Kazak Hasan | officer during French invasion |
| 117 | Süngülü Davut | bandit leader |
| 118 | Çerkes Bekir | Binbaşı |
| 119 | Necip | brother-in-law of factory owner Bursalı Cemil |
| 120 | Ahmet Hulusi | former Inspector of Islamic Affairs of İzmir |
| 121 | Uşaklı Madanoğlu Mustafa | |
| 122 | Remzi son of Yusuf | from Tuzakçı village, Gönen |
| 123 | Zühtü son of Hacı Kasım | from Bayramiç village, Gönen |
| 124 | Şakir son of Kocagözün Osman | from Balcı village, Gönen |
| 125 | Koç Ali son of Koç Mehmet | from Muratlar village, Gönen |
| 126 | Aziz son of Mehmet | from Ayvacık village, Gönen |
| 127 | Osman son of Bağcılı Ahmet | from Keçeler village, Gönen |
| 128 | İzzet son of Molla Süleyman | from Yıldız village, Susurluk |
| 129 | Kâzım son of Hüseyin | from Muratlar village, Gönen |
| 130 | Arap Mahmut son of Bekir | from Balcı village, Gönen |
| 131 | Gardiyan Yusuf | from Rüstem village, Gönen |
| 132 | Eyüp son of Ömer | from Balcı village, Gönen |
| 133 | İbrahim Çavuş son of Talustan | from Keçeler village, Gönen |
| 134 | İbrahim son of Topallı Şerif | Balcı village, Gönen |
| 135 | İdris son of Topal Ömer | from Keçeler village, Gönen |
| 136 | Kurhoğlu İsmail | from Bolcaağaç village, Manyas |
| 137 | İshak son of Muhtar Hacı | from Keçeler village, Gönen |
| 138 | İshak son of Yusuf | from Kayapınar village, Marmara |
| 139 | Sabit son of Ali Bey | from Kızlık village, Manyas |
| 140 | Selim son of Veli | from Balcı village, Gönen |
| 141 | Osman son of Makinacı Mehmet | from Çerkes Mahallesi, Gönen |
| 142 | Kâmil son of Kadir | from Değirmenboğazı village, Manyas |
| 143 | Galip son of Hüseyin | from Keçidere village, Gönen |
| 144 | Salih son of Çerkes Sait | from Hacıyakup village, Manyas |
| 145 | İsmail brother of Maktul Şevket | from Hacıyakup village, Manyas |
| 146 | Deli Kasım son of Abdullah | from Keçeler village, Gönen |
| 147 | Kemal son of Hasan Onbaşı | from Çerkes Mahallesi, Gönen |
| 148 | Kâzım Efe | brother of Kâmil son of Kadir from Değirmenboğazı village, Manyas |
| 149 | Pallaçoğlu Kemal | from Kızlık village, Gönen |
| 150 | Tuğoğlu Mehmet | from Keçeler village, Gönen |
References
edit- ^ Boyar, Ebru, and Kate Fleet. “A Dangerous Axis: The ‘Bulgarian Müftü’, the Turkish Opposition and the Ankara Government, 1928–36.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 44, no. 5, Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 2008, pp. 775–89 at 778, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40262615.
- ^ "Mehmed VI: Ottoman sultan".
- ^ TERZIĆ, FARUK. “The Problematic of Prophethood and Miracles: Muṣṭafā Ṣabrī’s Response.” Islamic Studies, vol. 48, no. 1, Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 2009, pp. 5–33 at 8, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20839152.
Further reading
edit- İlhami Soysal, Yüzellilikler, (Istanbul: Gür, 1985)
- Kâmil Erdeha, Article "Yüzellilikler", in Sosyalist Kültür Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8, pp. 1336–1341, Istanbul: May 1980