The 1638 Ottoman expedition against Kelmendi was a military campaign led by the Pasha of Bosnia in northern Albania against local tribes (fis).[a] This expedition aimed to punish the Kelmendi tribe and their allies for their raids and brigandage. The campaign was initiated after a committee of merchants and representatives of the local population petitioned Ottoman Sultan Murad IV in Istanbul to take action.
| 1638 Ottoman expedition against Kelmendi | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ghegs from the Kelmendi tribe | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Beylerbey of Bosnia | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
16,000 men (inc. 1,000 Albanians) | Unknown | ||||||
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Background
editAccording to Albanian bishop Frang Bardhi the Kelmendi tribe grew very rich by attacking and stealing merchandise from Christian merchants in Albania, Bosnia and Serbia, killing those who resisted them.[2] In 1638, a committee of Christian merchants and local inhabitants of Novi Pazar and northern Kosovo, appealed to Sultan Murad IV for assistance against the Albanian Kelmendi tribe and their allied mountain clans, who were conducting raids and pillaging campaigns against trade routes throughout the region.[3][4] The Sultan, freed from the war with Persia after the capture of Baghdad,[5] ordered Vučo (or Doudgé[6][7][8]) Pasha, Beylerbey (governor) of Bosnia to gather troops and march against the Kelmendi.[9]
The Kelmendi, according to Bardhi, had 250 houses with a total population of 2,900. Mariano Bolizza (1614) considered the number of "mountaineer rebels" who were to be 5,380. It is likely that the number of armed men who fought against the Ottoman campaign in Kelmendi to have been also composed other tribes besides Kelmendi.[1]
Campaign
editFor the campaign the Pasha gathered a 15,000-strong army, composed of soldiers of various origins (Dalmatians, Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Bosnians). After reaching Shkodër, the main city in northern Albania, the Pasha ordered the sanjabeys of Shkodra and Dukagjin to gather a thousand Albanians to join his own troops. The challenging terrain and heavy snowfall compelled the Ottomans to resort to pillaging and razing villages in search of supplies. Anticipating the Ottoman threat, local Kelmendi rebels concealed their families, cattle, and valuables in a grotto in the mountains.[9]
Outcome
editAccording to Ottoman historian Mustafa Naima (1655–1716), and to 19th-century French historians Ernest Lavisse and François Lenormant (using Ottoman and Western sources such as Austrian historian Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall) weakened by famine and lacking ammunition, the Kelmendi leaders Knez Vuk Doda and Vojvode Hotasch were caught and beheaded, their heads were sent to the Sultan in Constantinople. Surviving members of the tribe were mostly relocated to the mountains around Pristina, some were sent as far as Serres in Macedonia and to Slavonia.[10][11] Austrian historian Spiridon Gopčević writes that starved to death, the main force of the Kelmendi surrendered after the death of their leaders Vuk Doda and Hotas, and that the majority of the tribe was relocated to Pristina.[8]
According to Albanian bishop Frang Bardhi (1606–1643), and to some modern Albanian scholars (using Bardhi's report as source) the Ottoman force found itself encircled and attacked after the Kelmendi under the leadership of Vuk Doda had blockaded the roads.[12][13] During the confrontation a thousand Ottoman soldiers were killed, leading to the Ottoman force retreat to Bosnia.[14][15]
Notes
edit- ^ The name Kelmendi is often used to denote both the entire Great Highlands and the highlanders.[1]
Battle of Kelmendi
edit- ^ a b Shkurtaj 2013, p. 24.
- ^ Elsie 2015, p. 31.
- ^ Malcolm 2020, p. 32.
- ^ Winnifrith 2021, p. 63.
- ^ Lenormant 1866, pp. 129.
- ^ Carr 1884, p. 35.
- ^ Lenormant 1866, pp. 130.
- ^ a b Gopčević 1881, p. 520.
- ^ a b Frang Bardhi.
- ^ Lenormant 1866, pp. 131.
- ^ Lavisse & Rambaud 1895, p. 894.
- ^ Tetaj 2017, pp. 85–87.
- ^ Pulaha 1978, p. 110.
- ^ Mekuli Press 2019.
- ^ Mazzara 1722, p. 10–17.
Sources
editBooks
edit- Carr, W. (1884). Montenegro. Stanhope essay.
- Elsie, Robert (2015). The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-401-1.
- Gopčević, S. (1881). Oberalbanien und seine Liga: ethnographisch-politisch-historisch (in German). Duncker & Humblot.
- Lavisse, E.; Rambaud, A. (1895). Histoire générale du IV siècle á nos jours: Les guerres de religion, 1559–1648 (in French). A. Colin.
- Lenormant, François (1866). Turcs et Monténégrins (in French). Didier. pp. 129–131.
- Malcolm, N. (2020). Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885729-7.
- Mazzara, B. (1722). Leggendario francescano, overo istorie de Santi, Beati, Venerabili ed altri Uomini illustri (in Italian).
- Pulaha, S. (1978). Qëndresa e popullit shqiptar kundër sundimit osman nga shekulli XVI deri në fillim të shekullit XVIII: (dokumente osmane) (in Albanian). Akad. e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
- Shkurtaj, Gjovalin (2013). E folmja e Kelmendit [The idiom of Kelmendi]. Artjon Shkurtaj. p. 23. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- Winnifrith, T.J. (2021). Nobody's Kingdom: A History of Northern Albania. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 978-1-909930-96-4.
Journals
edit- Tetaj, Luan (2017). "KRYENGRITJET E KELMENDASEVE NË SHEKULLIN XVII". Gjurmime Albanologjike - Seria e Shkencave Historike (47). Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës: 85–87. ISSN 0350-6258. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
Websites
edit- "Frang Bardhi: The Pasha of Bosnia attacks Kelmendi". Robert Elsie. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
- "Kush ishte Nora e Kelmendit?". Mekuli Press. 2019-09-06.