On May 15, 1697, a severe hailstorm tracked south-westwards between the towns of Hitchin (Hertfordshire) and Potton (Bedfordshire) in Southern England. The storm moved slowly, beginning at 9 am and finishing by 2 pm local time. The parent storm's total track length was at least 25 km (16 mi) long.[1] This hailstorm is widely considered to be the worst hailstorm ever documented in the United Kingdom, with the largest hail ever measured in addition. Widespread damage to property was reported where the hailstorm had passed through, with slate roof tiles smashed to pieces and resulting in at least 1 death.[1][2][3]
This particular hailstorm was assessed by TORRO as having reached "H8" intensity on their hailstorm destructivity scale. It is the only H8 hailstorm to have occurred in the UK, and is only joined by a few H7 rated storms in the country's recorded history. A H8 hailstorm is described by TORRO as being "destructive" and contains hail large enough to damage airplanes. Anything above a H9 rating is considered a "super hailstorm".[4]
Just 5 days prior to the 1697 Hertfordshire hailstorm, another destructive hailstorm had travelled over 85 km (53 mi) from St. Asaph (Denbighshire) to Blackburn (Lancashire). This hailstorm is analysed by TORRO to have attained a H7 rating, making it joint second place for the worst hailstorm in British history.[1]
| Date | Location | Hail destructivity index (H1-10) | Path length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30 June 1687 | Alvanley, Cheshire | H6+ | Unknown. |
| 10 May 1697 | St. Asaph, Denbighshire to Blackburn, Lancashire | H7 | 85 km (53 mi) |
| 15 May 1697 | Hitchin, Hertfordshire to Potton, Bedfordshire | H8 | 25 km (16 mi) |
| 14 July 1719 | Seighford, Staffordshire | H6+ | 36 km (22 mi) |
| 5 August 1761 | Benfield, Northamptonshire | H6+ | Unknown. |
| 19 August 1763 | Tunbridge Wells to Isle of Sheppey, Kent | H7 | 65 km (40 mi) |
| 18 August 1797 | Helford Passage, Cornwall | H6+ | Unknown |
| 19 August 1800 | Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire to Clophill, Bedfordshire | H7 | 60 km (37 mi) |
| 15 July 1808 | Poyntington, Dorset to Monmouth, Monmouthshire | H6-7 | 95 km (59 mi) |
| 24 July 1818 | Stronsay, Orkney to Ronaldsay, Orkney | H7 | 32 km (20 mi) |
| 9 August 1843 | Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire to Horsey, Norfolk | H7 | 225 km (140 mi) |
| 3 August 1879 | Teddington, London to Watford, Hertfordshire | H6-7 | 30 km (19 mi) |
| 8 July 1893 | Baldersby, North Yorkshire to Barnard Castle, Co. Durham | H6-7 | 30 km (19 mi) |
| 24 June 1897 | Slough, Buckinghamshire to Brightlingsea, Essex[6] | H7 | 115 km (71 mi) |
| 4 July 1915 | Highbridge, Somerset to Winslow, Buckinghamshire | H6-7 | 165 km (103 mi) |
| 5 September 1958 | W. Wittering, West Sussex to Maldon, Essex | H6-7 | 150 km (93 mi) |
The worst hailstorm in British history is the 1697 Hertfordshire hailstorm. The longest tracked hailstorm ever documented in the UK was the 22 September 1935 storm which travelled from Newport, Gwent to Mundesley, Norfolk - a total distance of 335 km (208 mi).[1][5] The last hailstorm in the UK to receive a rating of H6+ or above was the 5 September 1958 storm, to date since, there has not been any storm rated above H6.
Measurements
editThe hailstorm tracked for at least 25 km (16 mi) over the towns of Hitchin, Potton and Offley.[1] The largest hail is believed to have fallen over Offley, which sits to the southwest of Hitchin. The largest measured hail had a circumference of 343 mm (13.5 in), however anecdotal reports suggest hailstones may have reached as large as 445 mm (17.5 in), which would make these hailstones among some of the largest to have ever been documented.[1][2] These circumferences correlate to hail diameters of between 110 and 140 mm (4.3 and 5.5 in). The pieces of ice were described as being of irregular shape, with some oval shaped, some rounded and some flat. In Hitchin, the ice reportedly piled up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) high. Local reports suggest that the hail was as large as a man's head.[2][7] At Hitchin, a report was made of a hail diameter of an astonishing 60 cm (24 in), if accurate, this would make it the largest hailstone ever to be documented as having fallen anywhere in the world, by far.[8]
Damages
editThe hailstorms slow movement meant that it caused severe damage, especially around Hitchin and Offley. During the storm's passage, at least one person was killed due to the hail, a young shepherd caught outside during the falling of the bowling ball sized hailstones.[1][2] The hailstones came into contact with the Earth with such speed that they 'tore up the ground' and were powerful enough to split great Oak trees down the middle. Any tiles or windows on houses were easily smashed by the stones.[9]
Widespread destruction was reported to crops, with every plantation 'felled before it [the hailstorm]', and people found precarious shelter in their homes. As well as one fatality, one person was found bruised all over, presumably unconscious. Pigeons, rooks and smaller birds were found brought down, as well as fatalities to livestock such as chickens.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g "TORRO | Research ~ Hail ~ Extremes". www.torro.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
- ^ a b c d e "On this day in 1697 – Worst British hailstorm on record wreaks havoc from Hitchin to Potton, killing shepherd lad at Offley". The Comet. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
- ^ "Weather in History 1650 to 1699 AD". Retrieved 2023-01-15.
- ^ "TORRO | Research ~ Hail ~ The H Scale". www.torro.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
- ^ a b TORRO, TORRO (15 January 2023). "Research - Hail - Most intense hailstorms". TORRO.org.uk.
- ^ Webb, Jonathan D. C. (July 2012). "Severe thunderstorms disrupt the Diamond Jubilee on Midsummer Day 1897". Weather. 67 (7): 174–175. doi:10.1002/wea.1959. S2CID 120650963.
- ^ Eye, Paul Simons: Weather. "Giant hailstones brought death and chaos in 1697". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
- ^ Paris, Matthew. "Flash Flood history East Anglia" (PDF). Flash Flood History of East Anglia: 3.
- ^ "Thunderstorms in history". Netweather Community Weather Forum. Retrieved 2023-01-15.