The 1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami (also called 明和の大津波, the Great Tsunami of Meiwa) was caused by the Yaeyama Great Earthquake at about 8 A.M. on April 24, 1771, south-southeast of Ishigaki Island, part of the former Ryūkyū Kingdom and now part of present-day Okinawa, Japan. According to records, 8,439 people were killed on Ishigaki Island and 2,548 on Miyako Island.
  | |
| Local date | April 24, 1771 |
|---|---|
| Local time | ~8 A.M. |
| Magnitude | 7.4 Ms[1] |
| Epicenter | 24°00′N 124°18′E / 24.0°N 124.3°E |
| Areas affected | Ryūkyū Kingdom: Ryukyu Islands |
| Tsunami | Yes |
| Casualties | 13,486 deaths[1] |
| The Yaeyama Great Earthquake | |
Earthquake analysis
editAccording to the Japanese government publication Rika-Nenpyō (理科年表) or Chronological Scientific Tables,[2] the epicenter was 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-southeast of Ishigaki Island with a magnitude of 7.4. According to the Mamoru Nakamura Laboratory, University of the Ryukyus, the earthquake was due to the activity of the fault east of Ishigaki and it is estimated that the magnitude was 7.5.[3][4] Further simulation led to the activity of faults in the Ryukyu oceanic trench and the magnitude was 8.0. Also, there is a hypothesis that claims the magnitude was 8.5.[5][6] The depth was 6 kilometres (3.7 mi).[7] This trench lies between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasian plate. The disparity in the amount of recorded shaking (maximum 4 JMA) and the size of the tsunami has led to the interpretation of this event as a tsunami earthquake.[4]
Damage
editEarthquake
editIt is considered that the earthquake registered an intensity of 4 (on the Japanese scale) in the Yaeyama Islands, and the damage by the earthquake itself was not as serious as the ensuing tsunami.
Tsunami
editThe dead and missing amounted to 12,000 people, and more than 2,000 houses were destroyed on Ishigaki and Miyakojima.[8] It has been estimated local agriculture was severely damaged because of sea water invasion and the population decreased to about one third of what it was before the earthquake. On Ishigaki island, the run-up was first estimated around 40 to 80 meters high from historical documents. However, taking into account the rough precision of the measuring instruments at this time and considering geomorphological parameters, the maximal run-up has been re-estimated to ~30m.[9]
Following the tsunami, the damage it caused was such that it led to a famine that lasted for 80 years.[8]
Boulders
edit
There are many huge boulders on the coasts of the Yaeyema and Miyako islands that are believed to have been deposited by tsunamis. There was a legend that an islet disappeared, but this has never been verified. This set of rocks are called the Ishigaki East Coast Tsunami Rocks.[8] Among them, Yasura-ufukane, Amatariya–Suuari and Taka-koru sishi have been dragged by the 1771 Meiwa tsunami.[9]
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ a b "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "理科年表-オフィシャルサイト" (in Japanese).
- ^ "１７７１年八重山地震津波(明和の大津波) (1771 Yaeyama Earthquake Tsunami (Meiwa Great Tsunami))" (in Japanese).
- ^ a b Nakamura, Mamoru (15 October 2009). "Fault model of the 1771 Yaeyama earthquake along the Ryukyu Trench estimated from the devastating tsunami". Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (19): L19307. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..3619307N. doi:10.1029/2009GL039730.
- ^ Abe, Katsuyuki (1999). "遡上高を用いた津波マグニチュードMtの決定" [Quantification of Historical Tsunamis by the Mt Scale]. Zisin (in Japanese). 52 (3): 369–377. doi:10.4294/zisin1948.52.3_369.
- ^ 阿部勝征. "津波地震とは何か" [What is a tsunami earthquake]. 月刊地球 (in Japanese). 25 (5): 340.
- ^ "1771年明和津波（八重山地震津波）はマグニチュード8の海溝型巨大地震であった (The 1771 Meiwa Tsunami (Yaeyama Earthquake Tsunami) was a magnitude- 8 subduction earthquake)" (in Japanese).
- ^ a b c "The great tsunami of Meiwa" (PDF).
- ^ a b c Goto, Kazuhisa; Kawana, Toshio; Imamura, Fumihiko (September 2010). "Historical and geological evidence of boulders deposited by tsunamis, southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan". Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (1–2): 77–99. Bibcode:2010ESRv..102...77G. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.005.