The 1830–31 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1830 and 1831, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.
 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 of the 48 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 25 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Results: Jacksonian Hold Jacksonian Gain Anti-Jacksonian Hold Anti-Jacksonian Gain Nullifier Gain Legislature Failed To Elect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Jacksonians gained one seat from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition, but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party. By the time Congress first met in December 1831, however, the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat.
Results summary
editSenate party division, 22nd Congress (1831–1833)
- Majority party: Jacksonian (24–23)
- Minority party: Anti-Jackson (21–23)
- Other parties: Nullifier (2–1)
- Total seats: 48
Change in composition
editBefore the elections
editAfter the January 7, 1830 special election in Delaware.
| AJ1 | AJ2 | AJ3 | AJ4 | ||||||
| AJ14 | AJ13 | AJ12 | AJ11 | AJ10 | AJ9 | AJ8 | AJ7 | AJ6 | AJ5 |
| AJ15 Ind. Ran |
AJ16 La. Ran |
AJ17 Md. Ran |
AJ18 Mo. Ran |
AJ19 N.Y. Ran |
AJ20 Pa. Ran |
AJ21 Conn. Unknown |
AJ22 Vt. Unknown |
AJ23 Ohio Retired |
J25 N.C. Retired |
| Majority → | J24 N.H. Unknown | ||||||||
| J15 | J16 | J17 | J18 | J19 Ala. Ran |
J20 Ga. Ran |
J21 Ill. Ran |
J22 S.C. Ran |
J23 Ky. Ran | |
| J14 | J13 | J12 | J11 | J10 | J9 | J8 | J7 | J6 | J5 |
| J1 | J2 | J3 | J4 | ||||||
As a result of the elections
edit| AJ1 | AJ2 | AJ3 | AJ4 | ||||||
| AJ14 | AJ13 | AJ12 | AJ11 | AJ10 | AJ9 | AJ8 | AJ7 | AJ6 | AJ5 |
| AJ15 Ind. Re-elected |
AJ16 La. Re-elected |
AJ17 Md. Re-elected |
AJ18 Ala. Hold |
AJ19 Conn. Hold |
AJ20 Ohio Hold |
V1 Ky. J Loss |
N1 S.C. Gain |
J26 Pa. Gain |
J25 N.Y. Gain |
| Majority → | J24 Mo. Gain | ||||||||
| J15 | J16 | J17 | J18 | J19 Ga. Re-elected |
J20 Ill. Re-elected |
J21 N.H. Hold |
J22 N.C. Hold |
J23 Vt. Hold | |
| J14 | J13 | J12 | J11 | J10 | J9 | J8 | J7 | J6 | J5 |
| J1 | J2 | J3 | J4 | ||||||
At the beginning of the first session, December 5, 1831
edit| AJ1 | AJ2 | AJ3 | AJ4 | ||||||
| AJ14 | AJ13 | AJ12 | AJ11 | AJ10 | AJ9 | AJ8 | AJ7 | AJ6 | AJ5 |
| AJ15 | AJ16 | AJ17 | AJ18 | AJ19 | AJ20 | AJ21[a] Gain |
AJ22[b] Gain |
N1 | N2 S.C. Changed |
| Plurality[c] → | J24 | ||||||||
| J15 | J16 | J17 | J18 | J19 | J20 | J21 | J22 | J23 | |
| J14 | J13 | J12 | J11 | J10 | J9 | J8 | J7 | J6 | J5 |
| J1 | J2 | J3 | J4 | ||||||
| Key: |
|
|---|
Race summaries
editBold states link to specific election articles.
Special elections during the 21st Congress
editIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1830 or before March 4, 1831; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Illinois (Class 2) |
David J. Baker | Jacksonian | 1830 (appointed) | Incumbent appointee retired when elected successor qualified. Winner elected December 11, 1830. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Mississippi (Class 2) |
Thomas B. Reed | Jacksonian | 1826 (special) 1827 (lost) 1828 |
Incumbent died November 26, 1829. Winner elected January 6, 1830. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Delaware (Class 1) |
Louis McLane | Jacksonian | 1827 | Incumbent resigned April 29, 1829 to become U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom. Winner elected January 7, 1830. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
Races leading to the 22nd Congress
editIn these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1831 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Alabama | John McKinley | Jacksonian | 1826 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Connecticut | Calvin Willey | Anti-Jacksonian | 1825 | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected May 20, 1830. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Georgia | John Forsyth | Jacksonian | 1829 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1830 or 1831. |
|
| Illinois | Elias Kane | Jacksonian | 1825 | Incumbent re-elected in 1831. |
|
| Indiana | William Hendricks | Anti-Jacksonian | 1824 | Incumbent re-elected December 18, 1830 on the fourth ballot. |
|
| Kentucky | John Rowan | Jacksonian | 1824 | Legislature elected late. Jacksonian loss. |
[data missing] |
| Louisiana | Josiah S. Johnston | Anti-Jacksonian | 1824 (appointed) 1825 |
Incumbent re-elected in 1831. |
|
| Maryland | Ezekiel F. Chambers | Anti-Jacksonian | 1826 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1831. |
|
| Missouri | David Barton | Anti-Jacksonian | 1821 1825 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| New Hampshire | Levi Woodbury | Jacksonian | 1825 | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| New York | Nathan Sanford | Anti-Jacksonian | 1826 (late) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected February 1, 1831. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| North Carolina | James Iredell Jr. | Jacksonian | 1828 (special) | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1830. Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Ohio | Jacob Burnet | Anti-Jacksonian | 1828 (special) | Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1830. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
| Pennsylvania | William Marks | Anti-Jacksonian | 1825 | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Jacksonian gain. |
|
| South Carolina | William Smith | Jacksonian | 1826 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1830 or 1831. Nullifier gain. |
|
| Vermont | Dudley Chase | Anti-Jacksonian | 1825 | Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election. Winner elected in 1831. Anti-Jacksonian hold. |
|
Elections during the 22nd Congress
editIn these special elections, the winners were seated in 1831 after March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Kentucky (Class 3) |
Vacant | Legislature elected late. New senator elected November 10, 1831. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
| ||
| Louisiana (Class 2) |
Edward Livingston | Jacksonian | 1828 or 1829 | Incumbent resigned May 24, 1831 to become U.S. Secretary of State. Winner elected November 15, 1831. Anti-Jacksonian gain. |
|
| Pennsylvania (Class 1) |
Isaac D. Barnard | Jacksonian | 1826 | Incumbent resigned December 6, 1831 due to ill health. Winner elected December 13, 1831.[6] Jacksonian hold. |
|
Alabama
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Connecticut
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Delaware (special)
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Georgia
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Illinois
editIllinois had two elections in this cycle: one for each seat.
Illinois (regular)
editFor the Class 3 seat, one-term incumbent Jacksonian Elias Kane was re-elected in 1831 for the term beginning March 4, 1831.
Illinois (special)
editFor the Class 2 seat, Jacksonian incumbent John McLean, who had been elected in 1828 or 1829, died October 14, 1830. Jacksonian David J. Baker was appointed November 12, 1830 to continue the term until a special election. On December 11, 1830, Jacksonian John McCracken Robinson was elected to finish the term and was seated January 4, 1831.
Indiana
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Kentucky
editKentucky had two elections in this cycle.
When Jacksonian John Rowan's term ended March 3, 1831, the legislature had not yet voted a replacement. When the legislature resumed for its session in November 1831, Anti-Jacksonian Henry Clay was elected, but still in time to participate when the 22nd Congress convened in December 1831.
Kentucky (regular)
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Kentucky (special)
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Louisiana
editLouisiana had two elections in this cycle.
Louisiana (regular)
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Louisiana (special)
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Maryland
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022) |
| ||||||||||||||||
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||
.jpg)
Ezekiel F. Chambers won election over non-voters by a margin of 45.21%, or 33 votes, for the Class 3 seat.[7]
Mississippi (special)
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Missouri
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
New Hampshire
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
New York
editThe Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1831, by the New York State Legislature. Nathan Sanford had been elected in 1826 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1831. At the state election in November 1830, the Jacksonians managed to defeat the combined Anti-Masons and Anti-Jacksonians. Enos T. Throop was narrowly re-elected Governor, a large Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 54th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 26, 1831, at Albany, New York. The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the election, and n The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the electionominated New York Supreme Court Justice William L. Marcy. The vote was 77 for Marcy, 15 for Erastus Root, 6 for the incumbent Nathan Sanford and 6 scattering votes. William L. Marcy was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.
| House | Jacksonian | Anti-Mason | Anti-Jacksonian | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Senate (32 members) | William L. Marcy | 20 | Samuel Works | 5 | ||
| State Assembly (128 members) | William L. Marcy | 86 | Samuel Works | 27 | Nathan Sanford | 1 |
North Carolina
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Ohio
editThe two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met during the winter of 1830–1831 in joint assembly to elect a Senator (Class 3). After seven ballots, on various dates, Thomas Ewing was elected on a majority of the ballots. The balloting was as follows:[8]
| Ballot | Thomas Ewing (Anti-Jacksonian) |
Micajah T. Williams (Jacksonian) |
Edward King (Anti-Jacksonian) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 33 | 49 | 21 |
| 2 | 37 | 50 | 21 |
| 3 | 42 | 49 | 16 |
| 4 | 46 | 52 | 9 |
| 5 | 51 | 51 | 5 |
| 6 | 54 | 53 | 2 |
| 7 |  54
|
51 | 2 |
Pennsylvania
editPennsylvania had two election in this cycle.
Pennsylvania (regular)
edit-
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
Pennsylvania (special)
editFollowing the December 6, 1831 resignation of Senator Isaac Barnard due to ill health, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 13, 1831, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | George M. Dallas | 67 | 50.38 | ||
| Democratic | Joseph Hemphill | 34 | 25.56% | ||
| Anti-Masonic | Richard Rush | 30 | 22.56% | ||
| Democratic | Samuel B. Davis | 1 | 0.75% | ||
| N/A | Not voting | 1 | 0.75% | ||
| - | Totals | 133 | 100.00% | ||
Vermont
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2020) |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Kentucky class 3 seat: Legislature elected Anti-Jacksonian late in the Congress, on November 10, 1831.
- ^ Indiana class 1 seat: Jacksonian died February 26, 1831, in the previous Congress, and an Anti-Jacksonian Senator was appointed August 19, 1831.
- ^ The Jacksonians maintained Senate control as evidenced by their electing Jacksonians as Presidents pro tempore: Samuel Smith, Littleton W. Tazewell, and Hugh Lawson White.
References
edit- ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
- ^ "Legislature of Connecticut". Litchfield enquirer. Litchfield, Conn. May 27, 1830. p. 2. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
- ^ "Litchfield, May 27, 1830". Litchfield enquirer. Litchfield, Conn. May 27, 1830. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
- ^ "The "Indiana Republican" says". Niles' Weekly Register. Vol. III, no. 19. Baltimore. January 8, 1831. p. 334. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
- ^ "Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, November 7, 1831 - December 23, 1831". Journals of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. 14. A. G. Meriwether: 47. 1831.
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 13 December 1831" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 24, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
- ^ Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900…. State of Ohio. p. 151.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Election - 13 December 1831" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ "PA US Senate - Special Election". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
Sources
edit- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov