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From 19 November 1862 (1 December New Style), a plebiscite was held in Greece in support of adopting Prince Alfred of the United Kingdom, later Duke of Edinburgh, as king. The results were announced in February 1863. Of the 240,000 votes reported, over 95% were in favour of the appointment.[1] The previous king, Otto, who had been deposed in a popular revolt, received one vote.[2] There were six votes for a Greek candidate and 93 for a Republic.[3]
Despite the apparently overwhelming result, the Great Powers of Britain, France and Russia refused to permit any member of their respective royal families to accept the Greek throne. Eventually, Prince William of Denmark, who had received six votes in the referendum, was appointed as the new "King of the Hellenes", assuming the name George I.
Prelude
editIn October 1862, King Otto of Greece was deposed in a popular revolt,[4][5] but while the Greek people rejected Otto, they did not seem averse to the concept of monarchy per se. Many Greeks, seeking closer ties to the pre-eminent world power, Great Britain, rallied around the idea that Prince Alfred, the second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, could become the next king. British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston believed that the Greeks were "panting for increase in territory",[6] hoping that the election of Alfred as king would also result in the incorporation of the Ionian Islands, which were then a British protectorate, into an enlarged Greek state.[citation needed]
The London Conference of 1832, however, had prohibited any of the Great Powers' ruling families from accepting the crown of Greece, and in any event, Queen Victoria was adamantly opposed to the idea. Nevertheless, the Greeks insisted on holding a plebiscite on the issue of the head of state in November 1862. It was the first referendum ever held in Greece.[5]
Results
editThe results were announced to the Greek National Assembly in February 1863.[7] The number of votes differs slightly between reports, and the total votes reported sometimes exceeds the total in the official list. Differences arise through inaccuracies, misprints, and delays in the collection and count of votes.[8] Votes were rarely if ever secret, and there were no uniformly printed ballot papers. Voters could write the name of their preference for king,[9] and votes generally took the form of signed petitions.[10]
| Summary of the November 1862 Greek plebiscite | Votes | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Prince Alfred | 230,016 | [7][8] |
| Prince Leuchtenberg | 2,400 | [7][8] |
| An Eastern Orthodox King | 1,917 | [7][8] |
| The Emperor of Russia | 1,841 | [7][8] |
| Grand Duke Nicholas | 1,821 | [7] |
| A King | 1,763 | [7][8] |
| Prince Nicholas of Russia | 1,741 | [7] |
| Long Live the Three Powers | 482 | [7] |
| Grand Duke Constantine | 478 | [7] |
| Prince Napoleon | 345 | [7][8] |
| Prince Imperial of France | 246 | [7][8] |
| A Republic | 93 | [7][8] |
| Prince Amadeo of Italy | 15 | [8] |
| A Russian Prince | 14 | [7] |
| An Imperial Prince of Russia | 9 | [7] |
| Romanoff | 8 | [7] |
| Comte de Flandre | 7 | [7][8] |
| Prince William of Denmark | 6 | [7][8] |
| Prince Ypsilantis | 6 | [7][8] |
| General Garibaldi | 3 | [7] |
| The Duke of Aumale | 3 | [7] |
| The Emperor Napoleon | 2 | [7] |
| A Prince of Sweden | 2 | [7] |
| Prince Joinville | 1 | [7] |
| General M'Mahon | 1 | [7] |
| Eynard the Philhellene | 1 | [7] |
| Otto | 1 | [7] |
| Total number of voters | 241,202 | [7][8] |
Aftermath
editDespite the apparently overwhelming support for Alfred, and the declaration by the Assembly that Alfred was elected as king, the Great Powers refused to alter their position, and Alfred declined the throne. The runner-up, Prince Leuchtenberg, as well as several of the other candidates, were also unacceptable to the Great Powers since they were members of the French and Russian royal families, also excluded from contention by the London Conference.[1] The Greeks and Great Powers considered alternative candidates, and their choice eventually fell to Prince William of Denmark, who was the second son of Prince Christian of Denmark. William was elected unanimously by the Greek Assembly, becoming "George I, King of the Hellenes", and reigned for the next 50 years.[11] Prince Alfred was created Duke of Edinburgh by his mother in 1866,[12] and became the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany in 1893.[13]
At George's enthronement, the British government announced that they would cede the Ionian Islands to Greece as a goodwill gesture.[14]
Notes
edit- ^ a b Clogg, p. 82
- ^ Van der Kiste, p. 5
- ^ Forster, p. 17
- ^ Lidderdale, p. 212
- ^ a b "Constitutional History". Hellenic Parliament. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
- ^ Van der Kiste, p. 4
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab The Greek Revolution, The Times, 16 February 1863, p. 6, col. B
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Finlay, George; Tozer, Henry Fanshawe (editor) (1877), A history of Greece, from its conquest by the Romans to the present time, B.C. 146 to A.D. 1864, vol. VII, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p863 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ See, for example, reports of voting in The Times, 8 December 1862, p. 12, col. A
- ^ Woodhouse, p. 170
- ^ "No. 23119". The London Gazette. 25 May 1866. p. 3127.
- ^ e.g. Statesman's Yearbook 1898
- ^ The Times (London), 8 June 1863, p. 12, col. C
References
edit- Clogg, Richard (1979). A Short History of Modern Greece. Cambridge University Press.
- Forster, Edward S. (1958). A Short History of Modern Greece 1821–1956 3rd edition. London: Methuen and Co.
- Jelavich, Barbara (1961). "Russia, Bavaria and the Greek Revolution of 1862/1863". Balkan Studies. 2 (1): 125–150. ISSN 2241-1674.
- Makrygiannis, Giannis (1966). Lidderdale, H.A. (ed.). The memoirs of General Makriyannis 1797-1864. London: Oxford University Press.
- Van der Kiste, John (1994). Kings of the Hellenes. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2147-1.
- Woodhouse, C. M. (1968). The Story of Modern Greece. London: Faber and Faber.