186th Field Regiment was a unit of Britain's Royal Artillery (RA) during World War II. It was formed in Scotland and joined 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division remaining with that formation for its whole existence. It served in Home Forces for most of the war, undergoing training in mountain warfare and air-portable operations before eventually going into action at sea level in the Battle of the Scheldt. It then took part in the fighting in the Rhineland (Operations Blackcock and Veritable), and then the drive to Bremen. It was disbanded at the end of the war.
| 186th Field Regiment, RA | |
|---|---|
 Royal Artillery cap badge | |
| Active | 9 December 1942–7 November 1945 |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Branch |  British Army |
| Role | Field artillery |
| Size | 3 Batteries |
| Part of | 52nd (Lowland) Division |
| Engagements | Battle of the Scheldt Operation Blackcock Operation Veritable |
Mobilisation and training
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The regiment was formed at Auchterarder in Perthshire, on 9 December 1942, with 192, 193 and 194 Field Batteries,[1] each composed of two troops of four Mk II 25-pounder guns (a total of 24) towed by Quad gun tractors.[2] The newly formed regiment joined 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division on 27 December, effectively replacing 78th (Lowland) Fd Rgt which had been sent to North Africa some months earlier.[3]
Since May 1942 52nd (L) Division had been training in mountain warfare in the Grampian Mountains.[3] This training reached high intensity after Major-General Neil Ritchie took command of the division in September, following his return from Eighth Army in the Western Desert. The training culminated in Exercise Goliath II, which lasted for three weeks in October 1943 under harsh conditions. After this the division was considered by some to be the 'toughest, fittest and hardest in the British Army'.[4][5] Although the training was genuine, the division also played a significant role in Allied deception plans, such as Operation Tindall, designed to convince the German high command that a mythical 'Fourth Army' under General Sir Andrew Thorne was gathering in Scotland to invade Occupied Norway. This was developed into Operation Fortitude North to divert German attention away from the genuine Allied plans to invade Normandy (Operation Overlord).[6][7]
This pretence was kept up for some time after the Normandy invasion began on D Day (6 June 1944). In August 1944 the division was transferred to First Allied Airborne Army and began training in airlanding operations.[3][8] A number of such operations were planned and cancelled before Operation Market Garden was given the go-ahead. This was to use three parachute divisions to seize an 'airborne carpet' of bridges ahead of 21st Army Group as far as Arnhem across the Nederrijn. When Market Garden was launched on 17 September 1944, 52nd (L) Division was scheduled to be airlifted to Arnhem as soon as 1st Airborne Division had secured landing strips north of the town. However, the failure of Market Garden meant that 52nd (L) Division was never used in this role.[9] Instead, it was sent by sea to reinforce 21st Army Group fighting its way through the Netherlands.[3][10]
Service
editScheldt
editThe division landed at Ostend on 15 October and under a directive issued next day by Field Marshal Montgomery, it was assigned to First Canadian Army for the operations to clear the Scheldt Estuary and bring the vital Port of Antwerp into use for the Allies.[3][11][12] The leading elements of the division relieved the Canadians in their bridgehead over the Leopold Canal, and then went forward to occupy Aardenburg without opposition on 19 October. Early on 26 October the division carried out an amphibious assault across the western Scheldt to outflank the German defence line on the Beveland Canal (Operation Vitality II). Allied artillery accurately bombarded the landing beaches at Hoedekenskerke from 04.30, the infantry brought by landing craft from Terneuzen landed 20 minutes later, and by the end of the day had captured Oudelande. Over the following days the Germans evacuated South Beveland.[13][14]
The next objective was the island of Walcheren. Troops of 157th Infantry Brigade of 52nd (L) Division and 5th Canadian Infantry Brigade fought their way over a narrow causeway with massive artillery support and secured a precarious bridgehead. When the exhausted Canadians were withdrawn the Commander, Royal Artillery (CRA), of 52nd (L) Division, Brigadier L.B.D. Burns, took command of the operation with an improvised HQ known as 'Burnfor'. A second lodgement on Walcheren was achieved by infantry of 157th Bde using stormboats and then wading across soft mud. Meanwhile, on 1 November a seaborne assault had been carried out on the west end of Walcheren Island, and 52nd (L) Division's 155th Bde had landed at Flushing on the south shore (Operation Infatuate I) behind artillery support 'on a vast scale' from across the Scheldt. Thereafter 52nd (L) Division's brigades fanned out across the island and mopped up the remaining defenders by 8 November.[15][16]
Operation Blackcock
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52nd (L) Division remained under Canadian command, holding the line south of the River Waal, until 4 December, when it moved east to join British Second Army.[3][17] In January 1945 Second Army launched Operation Blackcock to eliminate a German salient south west of the River Roer. The Germans were well dug-in and supported by artillery. 52nd (L) Division joined in on 18 January, advancing on two axes: 155th Bde with 8th Armoured Bde through Susteren to clear the Echterbosch woods, while 156th Bde supported by specialist armour from 79th Armoured Division and most of the available artillery attacked the Sittard–Heinsberg axis. Every village was defended, and the thawing ground turned to mud. Next day 157th Bde reinforced the attack. Snow showers grounded most aircraft, but the air observation post (AOP) spotter aircraft were able to fly and supplemented the artillery's forward observation officers (FOOs) in bringing down effective fire throughout the operations. When the fighter-bombers were able to fly, the artillery also carried out 'Applepie' Flak suppression fireplans to protect them. The Roer bridgehead was cleared by 26 January, and 52nd (L) Division was the first to base itself in a German town.[18][19]
Operation Veritable
editFirst Canadian Army next launched Operation Veritable to clear the Reichswald between the Rivers Maas and Rhine. This began on 8 February, and 52nd (L) Division was sent to reinforce it on 12 February. Moving down the bank of the Maas the division captured Afferden, but found itself held up by the old shell-proof Bleijenbeek Castle. However, by 3 March the division was making good progress through the wooded country south west of Weeze. On 9 March after a stiff fight it cleared the Haus Loo fort at Alpen, one of the last German outposts west of the Rhine.[3][20][21]
Germany
editAlthough 52nd (L) Division was holding the Rhine bank, it was designated as a follow-up formation for the crossing (Operation Plunder) and was not involved in the initial assault. However, its guns took part in the initial 'Pepperpot' bombardment before 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division passed through 52nd (L) Division to lead the assault for XII Corps. 15th (S) Division had over 700 guns of all types on call when the bombardment began at 23.30 on 23 March. The infantry set off across the river in amphibious vehicles at 02.00 on 24 March, and made rapid progress inland to link up with the airborne troops who landed during the morning (Operation Varsity).[22][23] 52nd (L) Division began crossing on 25 March, its leading units coming under the command of 15th (S) Division as they mopped up the bridgehead and linked up with 6th Airborne Division.[24][25] Second Army then began a rapid advance across Germany. Part of 52nd (L) Division cleaned up pockets of Germans round Ibbenbüren while the rest of the division crossed the Dortmund–Ems Canal.[26]
As Second Army raced forwards, 52nd (L) Division was switched to XXX Corps for the attack on Bremen.[27] Lt-Gen Brian Horrocks, commanding XXX Corps, considered that at this stage of the war, 52nd (L) Division was one of the best in Second Army because it still retained a number of the original personnel (which was a consequence of its late arrival in the theatre).[5] From 20 to 26 April XXX Corps closed in on Bremen against stubborn resistance. The division then had to control rioting and looting in the chaotic city.[28][29][30]
After VE Day the units of 21st Army Group were engaged in occupation duties, disarming German troops and administering the British Zone of Allied-occupied Germany. 52nd (L) Division continued doing duty in British Army of the Rhine for some months while demobilisation got under way. 186th Field Regiment was disbanded on 7 November 1945.[1][31]
Notes
edit- ^ a b Frederick, pp. 487, 540.
- ^ Ellis, Normandy, Appendix IV.
- ^ a b c d e f g Joslen, pp. 85–6.
- ^ Buckley, pp. 247–9.
- ^ a b Horrocks, p. 264.
- ^ Levine, pp. 191–3, 211–2, 216–7, 222–3.
- ^ Hart.
- ^ Buckley, pp. 247–8.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, p. 30
- ^ Joslen, pp. 344–5.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, p. 84.
- ^ Stacey, p. 388, Appendix E.
- ^ Ellis, pp. 106–7, 111–3.
- ^ Stacey, pp. 397–8, 401–2.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 113–9, 123.
- ^ Stacey, pp. 403–8, 412, 414–6, 421–2.
- ^ Stacey, pp. 435–6.
- ^ Buckley, pp. 265–8.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 241–7.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 264–7, 271, 274, 276.
- ^ Stacey, pp. 482, 490, 494, 508, 514–5, 521.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, p. 285.
- ^ Martin, pp. 274–85.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, p. 293.
- ^ Martin, p. 294.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 305–6.
- ^ Ellis, Germany, pp. 309–11.
- ^ Buckley, pp. 292–3.
- ^ Ellis, p. 316.
- ^ Horrocks, pp. 262–5.
- ^ Stacey, p. 622.
References
edit- Maj L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol I: The Battle of Normandy, London: HM Stationery Office, 1962/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-58-0.
- Maj L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol II: The Defeat of Germany, London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-59-9.
- J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
- J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
- Mark Frost, ' "Everyone Thought I was Finished": The Remarkable Comeback of Lieutenant-General Sir Neil Ritchie', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Winter 2020, Vol 98, No 395, pp. 379–97.
- Stephen Ashley Hart, 'The Forgotten Liberator: The 1939–45 Career of General Sir Andrew Thorne', Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Autumn 2001, Vol 79, No 319, pp. 233–49.
- Lt-Gen Sir Brian Horrocks, A Full Life, London: Collins, 1960.
- Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/London: London Stamp Exchange, 1990, ISBN 0-948130-03-2/ Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
- Joshua Levine, Operation Fortitude: The Greatest Hoax of the Second World War, London: Collins, 2011, ISBN 978-0-00-739587-3.
- Lt-Gen H.G. Martin, The History of the Fifteenth Scottish Division 1939–1945, Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1948/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78331-085-2.
- Col C.P. Stacey, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Vol III: The Victory Campaign – The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945, Ottawa: Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, 1960. Archived 21 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine