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1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections

(Redirected from 1870 Iowa's 2nd congressional district special election)

The 1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 6, 1870, and October 6, 1871. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 42nd United States Congress convened on March 4, 1871. They occurred in the middle of President Ulysses S. Grant's first term. Elections were held for all 243 seats, representing 37 states.

1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1868 & 1869 June 6, 1870 –
October 6, 1871[a]		 1872 & 1873 →
All 243 seats in the United States House of Representatives
122 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader James G. Blaine Fernando Wood
Party Republican Democratic
Leader's seat Maine 3rd New York 9th
Last election 171 seats 61 seats
Seats won 136 94[b]
Seat change Decrease 35 Increase 33
Popular vote 2,719,276 2,441,956
Percentage 49.59% 44.53%
Swing Decrease 2.22% Increase 0.40%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Conservative Liberal Republican
Last election 6 seats New Party
Seats won 10 2
Seat change Increase 4 Increase 2
Popular vote 160,295 55,551
Percentage 2.92% 1.01%
Swing Decrease 0.27% Pre-creation
  Fifth party
 
Party Independent
Last election 0 seats
Seats won 1[c]
Seat change Increase 1
Popular vote 98,591
Percentage 1.80%
Swing Decrease 0.81%
Results:
     Democratic hold      Democratic gain
     Republican hold      Republican gain
     Conservative gain
Speaker before election

James G. Blaine
Republican

Elected Speaker

James G. Blaine
Republican

With Grant's administration rocked by a number of scandals (including a shady deal for gold speculation that led to a crash in the market and several business deals that saw high-ranking governmental officials gain kickbacks) and Reconstruction winding down, his Republican Party lost seats to the opposition Democratic Party but retained an overall majority. Also, since white-supremacist governments controlled by the Democratic Party were reestablishing themselves in some portions of the Southern United States, the Democrats were able to make huge gains in this election.

Election summaries

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↓
104 139
Democratic Republican
State Type Total
seats 		Democratic Republican
Seats Change Seats Change
Mississippi[d][e] District 5 0   5  
Alabama District 6 3   1 3   1
Arkansas District 3 1   2  
California[f] District 3 0   2 3   2
Connecticut[f] District 4 1   3  
Delaware At-large 1 1   0  
Florida At-large 1 1   1 0   1
Georgia District 7 4   3  
Illinois District
+ 1 at-large 		14 6   2 8   2
Indiana[d] District 11 5   1 6   1
Iowa[d] District 6 0   6  
Kansas At-large 1 0   1  
Kentucky District 9 9   0  
Louisiana District 5 0   5  
Maine[d] District 5 0   5  
Maryland District 5 5   0  
Massachusetts District 10 0   10  
Michigan District 6 1   1 5   1
Minnesota District 2 0   1 2   1
Missouri District 9 4   2 5[g]   2
Nebraska[d] At-large 1 0   1  
Nevada At-large 1 1   1 0   1
New Hampshire[f] District 3 3   3 0   3
New Jersey District 5 2   1 3   1
New York District 31 16   3 15   3
North Carolina[d] District 7 5   4 2   4
Ohio[d] District 19 5   1 14   1
Oregon[d] At-large 1 1   0  
Pennsylvania[d] District 24 11   3 13[h]   3
Rhode Island District 2 0   2  
South Carolina[d] District 4 0   4  
Tennessee District 8 6   6 2   6
Texas[f] District 4 4   3 0   3
Vermont[d] District 3 0   3  
Virginia District 8 5   5[i] 3  
West Virginia[d] District 3 2   2 1   2
Wisconsin District 6 2   1 4   1
Total 243 104
42.8% 		  37 139[j]
57.2% 		  32
 
Results shaded according to winning candidates share of popular vote
Popular vote
Conservative
 
 2.92%
Democratic
 
 44.53%
Independent
 
 1.80%
Lib. Republican
 
 1.01%
Republican
 
 49.59%
Others
 
 0.15%
House seats
Conservative
 
 4.08%
Democratic
 
 38.37%
Independent
 
 0.41%
Lib. Republican
 
 0.82%
Republican
 
 56.33%

The previous election included 5 Conservatives

Election dates

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In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors.[1] This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the States moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1870, there remained 12 States that held elections before Election Day, and 4 that held it after at this time:

Special elections

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District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Iowa 2
Michigan 4
South Carolina 1
Wisconsin 2 Benjamin F. Hopkins Republican 1866 Incumbent died January 1, 1870.
New member elected February 15, 1870.
Republican hold.

Alabama

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See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama

Arizona Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Arkansas

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See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas 1 Logan Roots Republican 1868 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Arkansas 2 Anthony A. C. Rogers Democratic 1868 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Arkansas 3 Thomas Boles Republican 1868 Incumbent lost re-election.
Liberal Republican gain.

California

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California elections
 
← 1868 September 6, 1871 1872 →
3 seats
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Republican Democratic
Last election 1 2
Seats won 3 0
Seat change   2   2
Popular vote 62,539 57,065
Percentage 52.3% 47.7%
 
  Republican hold
  Republican gain
Main article: 1871 United States House of Representatives elections in California
See also: List of United States representatives from California
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
California 1 Samuel Beach Axtell Democratic 1867 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
California 2 Aaron A. Sargent Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
California 3 James A. Johnson Democratic 1867 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
  • ▌ Y John M. Coghlan (Republican) 51.7%
  • ▌George Pearce (Democratic) 48.3%

Colorado Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

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See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[4]
Connecticut 1 Julius L. Strong Republican 1869 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Julius L. Strong (Republican) 50.4%
  • ▌Alfred R. Goodrich (Democratic) 49.4%
Connecticut 2 Stephen Kellogg Republican 1869 Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut 3 Henry H. Starkweather Republican 1867 Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut 4 William Barnum Democratic 1867 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y William Barnum (Democratic) 52.2%
  • ▌George Coffing (Republican) 47.8%

Dakota Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Delaware

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See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware

District of Columbia

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Florida

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Florida election
 
← 1868 November 8, 1870 (Election Day) 1872 →
1 seat
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Republican Democratic
Last election 1 0
Seats won 1[5] 0[5]
Seat change    
Popular vote 12,439 11,812
Percentage 51.3% 48.7%
Main article: 1870 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
See also: List of United States representatives from Florida
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida at-large Charles M. Hamilton Republican 1868 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.

Niblack subsequently successfully challenged Walls's election and was seated from Florida's at-large district on January 29, 1873.[6]

Georgia

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See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Idaho Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

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See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois

Indiana

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See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Iowa

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See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa

Kansas

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See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas

Kentucky

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See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky

Louisiana

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See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana

Maine

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See also: List of United States representatives from Maine

Maryland

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See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Massachusetts

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See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts

Michigan

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See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan

Minnesota

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See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota

Missouri

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See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

Montana Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska

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See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Nebraska at-large John Taffe Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y John Taffe (Republican) 60.84%
  • ▌George B. Lake (Democratic) 42.00%[7]

Nevada

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See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada

New Hampshire

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See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

New Jersey

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See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey

New York

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See also: List of United States representatives from New York

North Carolina

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See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

New Mexico Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Ohio

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See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[8]
Ohio 1 Peter W. Strader Democratic 1868 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
Ohio 2 Job E. Stevenson Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 3 Robert C. Schenck Republican 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Ohio 4 William Lawrence Republican 1864 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
  • ▌ Y John F. McKinney (Democratic) 50.5%
  • ▌William B. McClung (Republican) 49.5%
Ohio 5 William Mungen Democratic 1866 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
Ohio 6 John Armstrong Smith Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 7 James J. Winans Republican 1868 Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.
Ohio 8 John Beatty Republican 1868 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 9 Edward F. Dickinson Democratic 1868 Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican gain.
Ohio 10 Erasmus D. Peck Republican 1870 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Erasmus D. Peck (Republican) 52.5%
  • ▌William F. Lockwood (Democratic) 47.5%
Ohio 11 John Thomas Wilson Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 12 Philadelph Van Trump Democratic 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 13 George W. Morgan Democratic 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y George W. Morgan (Democratic) 54.1%
  • ▌Charles W. Potwin (Republican) 45.9%
Ohio 14 Martin Welker Republican 1864 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Ohio 15 Eliakim H. Moore Republican 1868 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Ohio 16 John Bingham Republican 1864 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y John Bingham (Republican) 52.4%
  • ▌Robert A. Chambers (Democratic) 47.6%
Ohio 17 Jacob A. Ambler Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 18 William H. Upson Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y William H. Upson (Republican) 62.2%
  • ▌John M. Coffinberry (Democratic) 37.8%
Ohio 19 James A. Garfield Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.

Oregon

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See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon

Pennsylvania

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See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

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See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

South Carolina

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See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina

Tennessee

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See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 Roderick R. Butler Republican 1867 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 2 Horace Maynard Republican 1865 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 3 William B. Stokes Republican 1865 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 4 Lewis Tillman Republican 1868 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 5 William F. Prosser Republican 1868 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 6 Samuel M. Arnell Republican 1865 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 7 Isaac R. Hawkins Republican 1865 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 8 William J. Smith Republican 1868 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.

Texas

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See also: List of United States representatives from Texas

Utah Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

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See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[17]
Vermont 1 Charles W. Willard Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 2 Luke P. Poland Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected
  • ▌ Y Luke P. Poland (Republican) 76.4%
  • ▌Lewis L. Partridge (Democratic) 23.4%
Vermont 3 Worthington C. Smith Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.

Virginia

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See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[18]
Virginia 1 Richard S. Ayer Republican 1869 Incumbent retired.
Conservative gain.
Virginia 2 James H. Platt Jr. Republican 1869 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 3 Charles H. Porter Republican 1869 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 4 George Booker Conservative 1869 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
Virginia 5 Richard T. W. Duke Conservative 1870 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 6 William Milnes Jr. Conservative 1869 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Virginia 7 Lewis McKenzie Conservative 1869 Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.
Democratic gain.
Virginia 8 James K. Gibson Conservative 1869 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.

Washington Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

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See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
West Virginia 1 Isaac H. Duval Republican 1868 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
West Virginia 2 James McGrew Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected.
West Virginia 3 John Witcher Republican 1868 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.

Wisconsin

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See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin

Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1870.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[2]
Wisconsin 1 Halbert E. Paine Republican 1864 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Wisconsin 2 David Atwood Republican 1870 (special) Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 3 Amasa Cobb Republican 1862 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 4 Charles A. Eldredge Democratic 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 5 Philetus Sawyer Republican 1864 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Philetus Sawyer (Republican) 59.3%
  • ▌Joseph Stringham (Democratic) 40.7%
Wisconsin 6 Cadwallader C. Washburn Republican 1866 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.

Wyoming Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Non-voting delegates

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See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives
District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Arizona Territory at-large Richard C. McCormick Republican 1869 Incumbent re-elected.
Colorado Territory at-large Allen A. Bradford Republican 1868 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost renomination.
Republican hold.
Dakota Territory at-large Solomon L. Spink Republican 1868 Incumbent lost re-election as a Democrat.
Independent Democratic gain.
District of Columbia at-large New district New seat.
New delegate elected in 1871.
Republican gain.
Idaho Territory at-large Jacob K. Shafer Democratic 1868 Incumbent lost renomination.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌ Y Samuel A. Merritt (Democratic) 59.24%
  • ▌T. J. Butler (Republican) 40.74%
  • ▌J. L. Butler (Independent) 0.02%[26]
Montana Territory at-large James M. Cavanaugh Democratic 1859 (Minn.)
1861 (lost)
1868 		Incumbent lost renomination.
New delegate elected August 7, 1871.
Republican gain.
New Mexico Territory at-large José F. Chaves Republican 1868 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Utah Territory at-large William H. Hooper Democratic 1864 Incumbent re-elected.
Washington Territory at-large Selucius Garfielde Republican 1868 Incumbent re-elected June 6, 1870.
Wyoming Territory at-large Stephen F. Nuckolls Democratic 1869 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
  • ▌ Y William T. Jones (Republican) 52.13%
  • ▌John Wanless (Democratic) 45.03%
  • ▌[FNU] Murrin (Ind. Democratic) 2.85%[31]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Majority of states held elections on November 8, 1870 (i.e. Election Day).
  2. ^ Note that Dubin (p. 221) records 9–10 "Conservatives", and approximately 94 Democrats, as being elected to the 42nd Congress. This contrasts with Martis (pp. 124–125) which offers no separate accounting of "Conservatives" from Democrats and thus records a total of 104 Democratic members of the 42nd Congress.
  3. ^ Includes 1 Independent Republican.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Elections held early.
  5. ^ Elections held at the same time as elections for 41st Congress.
  6. ^ a b c d Elections held late.
  7. ^ Includes 2 Liberal Republicans: Gustavus A. Finkelnburg elected to Missouri's 2nd district, and James G. Blair elected to Missouri's 8th district.
  8. ^ Includes 1 Independent Republican, John V. Creely, elected to Pennsylvania's 2nd district.
  9. ^ Previous election had 5 Conservatives.
  10. ^ Includes 2 Liberal Republicans and 1 Independent Republican.

References

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  1. ^ Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
  2. ^ a b "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ a b c Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1046. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
  4. ^ "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Initial result, Democratic candidate successfully challenged Republican victory
  6. ^ "Forty-Second Congress (membership roster)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  7. ^ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 11, 1870". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  8. ^ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 277, 278.
  9. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  10. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  11. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  12. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  13. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  14. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  15. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  16. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  17. ^ "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  18. ^ "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  19. ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  20. ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  21. ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  22. ^ "AZ Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  23. ^ "CO Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  24. ^ "DK Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  25. ^ "DC Delegate - Initial Election". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  26. ^ "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  27. ^ "MT Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  28. ^ "NM Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  29. ^ "UT Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  30. ^ "WA Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
  31. ^ "WY Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.

Bibliography

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