The 1882 transit of Venus on 6 December 1882 (13:57 to 20:15 UTC), was the second and last transit of Venus of the 19th century, the first having taken place eight years earlier in 1874. Many expeditions were sent by European powers to describe both episodes, eight by the United States Congress alone. [1]
Edward James Stone organized the British expeditions. Stephen Joseph Perry and Commander Pelham Aldrich, as captain of HMS Fawn, observed the transit from an improvised tent observatory in Madagascar.[2]
Jean-Charles Houzeau invented in 1871 a heliometer with unequal focal lengths. For the observation of the transit he organized two expeditions: one to San Antonio, Texas, and another to Santiago de Chile. The two expeditions each had an identical copy of Houzeau's heliometer.[3]
The French Academy of Sciences organized ten expeditions to various locations, including Florida, Mexico, Haiti, Martinique, and Cape Horn.[4] For observations of the transit by French expeditions, for the year 1883 the French Academy of Sciences awarded nine Lalande Prizes to scientists, including Jean Jacques Anatole Bouquet de La Grye (leader of expedition to Puebla, Mexico), Octave de Bernardières (leader of expedition to San Bernardo, Chile), and the naval officer Georges-Ernest Fleuriais (leader of expedition to the coast of the province Santa Cruz in Patagonia).[5][6]
The transit was observed from the United Kingdom by Samuel Cooper in Charminster and Roger Langdon at Silverton, both in Devon,[7][8] and by W F Denning in Bristol.[9] In Ireland by R S Ball,[10] W Doberck and J L E Dreyer also saw it.[11]
The event was celebrated in music with the Transit of Venus March by John Philip Sousa.
References
edit- ^ "The American Transit of Venus Expeditions of 1882, Including San Antonio". Aas.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ Transits of Venus, 1874 & 1882, Royal Astronomical Society
- ^ Sterken, Christiaan. "Jean-Charles Houzeau and the 1882 Belgian Transit of Venus Expeditions" (PDF).
- ^ Passage de Vénus, Mission de Santa Cruz (Patagonie), Photograph Album, American Philosophical Society
- ^ "LES LAURÉATS DU PRIX LALANDE". La Revue scientifique. TOME 40. Paris: 460–463. 1887.
- ^ 1882 December 6, Venustransit, by Steven van Roode Archived 9 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Samuel Cooper 1882 ToV photos". RASC. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
- ^ Nature 1882-12-14: Vol 27 Iss 685. Nature Publishing Group. 14 December 1882 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Nature 1882-12-14: Vol 27 Iss 685. Nature Publishing Group. 14 December 1882 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Nature 1882-12-14: Vol 27 Iss 685. Nature Publishing Group. 14 December 1882 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Nature 1882-12-14: Vol 27 Iss 685. Nature Publishing Group. 14 December 1882 – via Internet Archive.